Mohammad T Islam

A well-structured research proposal is crucial to outlining your research aim, objectives, methods, and methodologies. Follow the guideline below to structure your research proposal effectively, ensuring each section is detailed and clear. First Page: Cover Page The cover page of your research proposal should include the following details: Institution Name The name of the university or academic institution you are enrolled in. Programme Name The specific programme or course for which the proposal is being submitted. Module/Unit Code and Name The specific module or unit the proposal is related to (e.g., BMP6005 Research Methods). Title of the Research Topic Provide the tentative title of your research proposal. It should be concise and reflect the research focus. Learner Name Your full name as the learner/researcher. Date The submission date of the proposal. Second Page: Table of Contents The table of contents should include page numbers for all chapters and sub-sections of the proposal. An example is provided below: Chapter 1: Introduction ……………… Page [X – X] 1.1 Background to Research Topic ……………… Page [X] 1.2 Background to Research Organisation ……………… Page [X] 1.4 Research Aim ……………… Page [X] 1.5 Research Objectives ……………… Page [X] Chapter 2: Research Methodology ……………… Page [X – X] 2.1 Research Philosophy/Paradigm ……………… Page [X] 2.2 Research Design ……………… Page [X] 2.3 Research Approach ……………… Page [X] 2.4 Research Method/Strategy ……………… Page [X] 2.5 Research Methodology ……………… Page [X] 2.6 Research Technique/Tool ……………… Page [X] 2.7 Sampling Approach ……………… Page [X] 2.8 Ethical Considerations ……………… Page [X] Chapter 3: Literature Review ……………… Page [X – X] Chapter 4: Timescale ……………… Page [X] References ……………… Page [X] Third Page Onward: Now cover each item precisely from the table of contents. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background to Research Topic Provide a clear description of the topic. Explain its importance, relevance, and any key issues or trends that make it worth investigating. 1.2 Background to Research Organisation If your research focuses on a specific organisation, briefly introduce the organisation here. Include its key characteristics and why it is relevant to the study. 1.3 Research Aim State the overall aim of your research in one or two sentences. This is the broad goal that your study seeks to achieve. 1.4 Research Objectives List specific, measurable objectives that will guide your research towards achieving the research aim. These objectives should be concise and outline the steps you will take. Chapter 2: Research Methodology 2.1 Research Philosophy/Paradigm Choose between Positivism or Interpretivism: Positivism focuses on objective, measurable data (common in quantitative research). Interpretivism is concerned with understanding subjective experiences (common in qualitative research). 2.2 Research Design Choose between Explanatory or Exploratory: Explanatory design tests theories or relationships between variables. Exploratory design is used when the problem is not well-defined, allowing for more flexible investigation. 2.3 Research Approach Choose between Deductive or Inductive: Deductive approach tests existing theories by applying them to data. Inductive approach develops new theories based on data collection and analysis. 2.4 Research Method/ Strategy Choose between Surveys or Grounded Theory: Surveys collect quantitative data from large populations through questionnaires, offering broad insights into trends and patterns. Grounded Theory is a qualitative methodology that develops theories inductively from systematically gathered data. Will your study involve a case study method within surveys or grounded theory, and why is it suitable? 2.5 Research Methodology Choose between Quantitative or Qualitative: Quantitative research involves numerical data and statistical analysis. Qualitative research involves non-numerical data and is often used to understand experiences or opinions. 2.6 Research Technique/Tool Specify the data collection technique you will use: Questionnaires are used for collecting quantitative data from a large number of respondents. Interviews provide in-depth qualitative data from individuals, allowing for exploration of complex issues. Explain why your chosen method is appropriate for your research. 2.7 Sampling Approach Choose between Probability or Non-probability sampling: Probability sampling uses random selection, giving each participant an equal chance of being chosen. Non-probability sampling selects participants based on specific criteria. Explain your sampling method, the sample size, and why it is appropriate for your study. 2.8 Ethical Considerations Identify key ethical issues, such as consent, confidentiality, and data protection. Explain how these issues will be addressed to ensure the ethical conduct of your research. Chapter 3: Literature Review While a full literature review is not required for the proposal, this section should identify key sources that will be reviewed in the dissertation. Some institutions may require a small literature review (500–1000 words) in the proposal itself. If required, outline the key theories, concepts, and sources you intend to review, and discuss their relevance to your research. Chapter 4: Timescale/ Timeframe/ Timeline Create a timescale outlining the key stages of your research from start to completion. Be realistic with deadlines and include milestones such as: Task Timescale Initial Research and Proposal Weeks 1-3 Literature Review Weeks 4-6 Data Collection Weeks 7-9 Data Analysis Weeks 10-11 Final Draft Writing Weeks 12-14 Final Submission Week 15 This will provide a clear view of how you plan to manage your time and resources during the research process. References Include a reference list with all sources cited in your proposal. Ensure that the list follows a consistent citation & reference style, such as, Harvard depending on your institution’s requirements. Cite and refer to textbooks, journal articles, and reputable websites where relevant. By following this structure, you can develop a well-organised and effective research proposal. Be sure to tailor each section to the specifics of your research topic and methodology and consult with your supervisor to ensure you meet all institutional requirements. Top Tips: The table below provides a clear and concise reference for how the methodology aligns with the philosophical and design choices for the study: Research Philosophy Research Design Research Approach Research Method/ Strategy Research Methodology Data Collection Technique Positivism Explanatory Deductive Surveys Quantitative Questionnaires Interpretivism Exploratory Inductive Grounded Theory Qualitative Interviews  

The process of developing a research topic often begins with an initial idea that is vague or underdeveloped. As the researcher moves forward, it becomes necessary to define the research’s aim, objectives, and scope more precisely. To do so, the area-field-aspect approach, as suggested by Jankowicz (1991), offers a valuable framework for positioning one’s research within the broader body of knowledge. This framework enables researchers to think through their topics systematically by identifying the disciplines (area), sub-disciplines (field), and related concepts (aspects) that shape their study. The Importance of Structuring Ideas The area-field-aspect approach is particularly beneficial because it serves several key purposes in the research process. First, it helps to evaluate whether the initial idea is overly vague. By mapping out where the idea fits within a broader field of study, the researcher can determine whether their initial research question is too broad or lacks specificity. Second, the approach assists in identifying relevant research objectives. By considering the aspects related to the chosen field, the researcher can focus on specific goals for empirical investigation. Third, it aids in identifying relevant coursework or subject matter that will inform the literature review and shape the argument. Finally, this method offers practical benefits such as suggesting potential supervisors and directing the researcher toward relevant reading material. In this sense, the area-field-aspect framework is more than just a classification tool; it is a guiding structure for turning a vague research idea into a well-defined topic with clear objectives and an identifiable place in academic discourse. Area, Field, and Aspect: Defining the Framework To understand how this approach works, it is essential to define the three key terms: area, field, and aspect. 1.0 Area refers to a broad field of study, often corresponding to a recognised academic discipline. Examples of areas include disciplines such as economics, marketing, human resource management, and operations management. These areas provide the general context in which the research is situated, offering a wide-angle view of the academic domain that the researcher will draw upon. 2.0 Field is a component element of the area. It can represent either a recognised sub-discipline or a major intellectual focus within the broader field. For instance, within economics (the area), fields might include macroeconomics, behavioural economics, or development economics. Similarly, within marketing, fields might include social marketing, international marketing, or consumer behaviour. Identifying the appropriate field helps narrow the focus of the research and connect it to a more specific body of literature. 3.0 Aspect refers to a section or focus within a particular field. Aspects are the most specific part of the framework, representing the detailed focus of the research. For example, within the field of international marketing, aspects might include cross-cultural communication, digital marketing strategies in global markets, or consumer preferences in emerging economies. By identifying the aspect, the researcher specifies the particular focus of their investigation, which will shape their research objectives and methodology. Application of the Area-Field-Aspect Approach To see how this approach works in practice, consider the following example: Research Idea: The impact of social media on consumer behaviour. Area: Marketing Field: Social marketing Aspect: The influence of social media advertising on consumer purchasing decisions. In this example, marketing is the broad area in which the research is situated. Social marketing is a recognised field within marketing that deals with the use of marketing principles to influence social behaviours. The aspect, in this case, focuses on the specific influence of social media advertising on how consumers make purchasing decisions. By breaking down the topic in this way, the researcher can better specify their objectives, such as studying consumer psychology, analysing marketing metrics, or focusing on different social media platforms. Benefits of the Area-Field-Aspect Approach The area-field-aspect approach offers several advantages for the researcher. First, it facilitates the conceptual clarity necessary to turn an abstract idea into a concrete research question. By clearly defining the area, field, and aspect, the researcher can ensure that their topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. This clarity makes it easier to develop precise research objectives, design an appropriate methodology, and conduct a literature review that is relevant and comprehensive. Second, the approach helps in identifying relevant sources for the literature review. Once the researcher has defined the field and aspect, they can more easily locate relevant journal articles, books, and other sources that pertain to their topic. For example, a researcher studying digital marketing strategies in international markets would likely search for journal articles on global marketing, digital transformation in business, and cross-cultural consumer behaviour. Knowing the field and aspect helps to guide this search. Third, the area-field-aspect approach can be useful for selecting a supervisor and coursework. By identifying the specific field and aspect, the researcher can look for lecturers or faculty members with expertise in that area. Similarly, the researcher can choose taught courses that will provide the necessary theoretical background and methodological skills to support their research. The area-field-aspect approach provides a practical and systematic way to develop a research topic from an initial idea to a fully-formed research question. By categorising the research into these three levels, researchers can ensure that their work is well-structured, relevant, and focused. This approach not only clarifies the scope of the research but also informs decisions about research objectives, literature reviews, and potential supervisors. By using the area-field-aspect method, researchers can more effectively position their work within the broader academic landscape, ensuring that their contributions are both meaningful and well-supported. Reference: Jankowicz, A. D. (1991) Business Research Projects. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London. Bibliography: Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019) Research Methods for Business Students. 8th ed. Pearson Education, Harlow. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015) Business Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016) Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P., & Jaspersen, L. J. (2018) Management & Business Research. 6th ed. Sage Publications, London. Baker, M. … Read more

Research is a foundational aspect of academia and professional inquiry, requiring rigorous refinement to ensure clarity, relevance, and feasibility. Refining research ideas involves several key strategies, including the Delphi technique, conducting preliminary studies, continually testing ideas, integrating concepts etc. This article discusses these strategies, providing insights into how researchers can effectively hone their research topics. 1.0 The Delphi Technique The Delphi Technique is a structured communication method initially developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method relying on a panel of experts (Linstone & Turoff, 1975). This approach is particularly effective for refining research ideas as it involves multiple rounds of questioning, with experts providing feedback and refining their responses based on the group’s overall input. The anonymity of responses is crucial as it allows for the free expression of ideas without the influence of dominant voices. According to Okoli and Pawlowski (2004), the Delphi Technique is instrumental in achieving a convergence of opinion on complex research topics, making it a valuable tool in the early stages of research. 2.0 Conducting a Preliminary Study A preliminary study, or pilot study, is another crucial step in refining research ideas. This involves a small-scale version of the intended research or testing specific aspects of it (van Teijlingen & Hundley, 2001). The purpose is to identify potential problems in the research design, refine the research topics, and improve the overall approach. For instance, a pilot study may reveal that a particular research instrument is not as effective as anticipated, prompting revisions that improve the study’s validity and reliability. Preliminary studies also provide initial data that can help in refining hypotheses and research topics, ensuring that the final study is more focused and feasible. 3.0 Continually Testing Out Ideas Research ideas are rarely static. They evolve as the researcher engages more deeply with the literature, collects data, and interacts with peers and experts. Continually testing out ideas is essential for refining them. This can involve informal discussions with colleagues, presenting ideas at conferences, or even submitting early drafts to supervisor for feedback. According to Creswell and Creswell (2018), the iterative nature of research, where ideas are constantly tested and refined, is vital for ensuring that the final research question is both original and significant. This process allows for the identification and elimination of weak or irrelevant ideas, sharpening the focus of the research. 4.0 Integrating Ideas Integration of ideas refers to synthesising different perspectives and insights into a coherent research question. This is particularly relevant in interdisciplinary research, where concepts and methods from various fields need to be harmonised. According to Eisenhardt (1989), successful integration often requires a deep understanding of each field’s theories and methodologies. By drawing on diverse perspectives, researchers can create more comprehensive and innovative research tilles that address complex problems more effectively. 5.0 Refining Topics Given by Organisations In many cases, researchers, particularly those in applied fields, are provided with broad topics by their organisations. Refining these topics into manageable research topics is a critical skill. This process involves clarifying the organisation’s needs, identifying the most pressing aspects of the topic, and narrowing the focus to a specific, researchable question. According to Bryman (2016), the refinement process should consider the organisation’s goals, available resources, and the potential impact of the research. By aligning the research question with the organisation’s strategic objectives, researchers can ensure that their work is both relevant and valuable. Refining research ideas is a dynamic and iterative process that requires a strategic approach. Whether using structured methods like the Delphi Technique, conducting preliminary studies, testing and integrating ideas, or refining organisational topics, researchers must engage deeply with their subject matter. These strategies ensure that the final research question is clear, focused, and capable of making a significant contribution to the field. References: Bryman, A. (2016) Social Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford University Press. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed. SAGE Publications. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) “Building Theories from Case Study Research”. Academy of Management Review. 14(4), pp. 532-550. Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (1975) The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. Addison-Wesley. Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004) The Delphi method as a research tool: An example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management. 42(1), pp. 15-29. van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2001) “The Importance of Pilot Studies”. Social Research Update. 35(3), pp. 1-4.

1.0 Definition of Academic Research Research is a systematic investigation aimed at generating knowledge, solving problems, and contributing to the understanding of a specific subject area (Creswell., 2014). It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer questions, test hypotheses, or validate theories. Research is fundamental to academic and scientific progress. According to Saunders et al. (2019), effective research is not only methodical but also replicable and rigorous, ensuring its credibility. Academic research is crucial in a variety of fields, ranging from the natural and social sciences to the humanities, business etc contributing to advancements in areas such as medicine, technology, education and management (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). As technology continues to evolve, research methodologies also advance, with the internet and digital tools providing new opportunities for data collection and dissemination (Bryman, 2016). 2.0 Categories of Academic Research 2.1 Pure and Applied Research Pure research, also known as basic or fundamental research, is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge without immediate practical application. Its primary aim is to enhance the understanding of underlying principles and theoretical concepts. According to Collis and Hussey (2014), pure research is essential for the development of new theories and models, and it often provides the foundation for applied research. Examples of pure research include theoretical physics, biology, and studies in abstract mathematics, where the goal is to advance knowledge in the field, often without a clear focus on its practical application. On the other hand, applied research is concerned with finding practical solutions to real-world problems. Applied research often builds on the theoretical frameworks developed through pure research, translating them into practical applications. It is commonly conducted in fields such as engineering, medicine, and business, where there is a need to solve specific problems or improve processes. For example, research on improving workplace productivity, developing new medical treatments, or enhancing environmental sustainability would be considered applied research. According to Saunders et al. (2019), applied research is often more outcome-focused, with an emphasis on generating results that can be implemented in the short term. 2.2 Primary and Secondary Research Primary research involves the collection of original data through direct investigation, often referred to as empirical research. It seeks to gather new information from sources such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations. As Bryman (2016) highlights, empirical research is essential for answering specific research questions that have not been addressed in the existing literature. It allows researchers to collect data firsthand, ensuring that the information is directly relevant to the research objectives. In contrast, secondary research relies on existing data and information that has already been published. Also referred to as theoretical or conceptual research, secondary research involves analysing and synthesising information from academic papers, books, reports, or other sources. According to Creswell (2014), secondary research is useful for reviewing what is already known about a topic, identifying gaps in knowledge, and building theoretical frameworks. While it may not produce new data, it provides a critical foundation for further empirical research by helping to contextualise findings and relate them to existing theories. Note: Primary research is also known as empirical research and secondary research is also known as theoretical or conceptual research. 3.0 Types of Academic Research 3.1 In-Organisation/ Company-Focused Projects Organisation-focused research projects involve investigations conducted within a specific organisation or company. The research is often designed to address issues or challenges faced by the organisation, such as improving operational efficiency, understanding customer behaviour, or exploring new market opportunities. This type of research is particularly common in business, management, and industrial contexts, where the findings are directly applicable to the organisation’s goals. Saunders et al. (2019) note that these projects are typically applied research and can be both quantitative and qualitative, depending on the nature of the problem being investigated. For example, an organisation-focused project might involve conducting employee surveys to understand job satisfaction levels or analysing financial data to improve cost-efficiency. 3.2 Generic, Industry/ Sector-Based Projects Industry-based research projects are broader in scope than organisation-focused research, as they aim to address issues relevant to an entire industry or sector. This type of research often focuses on trends, innovations, and challenges within a particular industry, such as healthcare, technology, or manufacturing. Industry-based projects might involve analysing market trends, studying consumer behaviour, or evaluating the impact of new technologies on the sector. These projects are highly valuable for stakeholders within the industry, as they provide insights that can inform strategic decisions, policy development, and competitive positioning. Bryman and Bell (2015) suggest that industry-based research projects often involve collaboration between academic researchers and industry professionals, ensuring that the research is both academically rigorous and practically relevant. 4.0 Library Projects Library research projects primarily involve secondary research and focus on gathering, synthesising, and analysing existing information rather than generating new data. These projects typically involve extensive literature reviews and the use of secondary data sources such as academic journals, books, reports, and online databases. Library research is common in fields such as history, philosophy, and theoretical studies, where the primary objective is to build a comprehensive understanding of a particular topic based on existing knowledge. Library research projects are critical for developing theoretical frameworks, supporting hypotheses, and identifying gaps in the literature. According to Creswell (2014), these projects play an essential role in shaping the direction of future empirical research by laying the groundwork for hypothesis testing and theory development. Research plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge across different fields, and it can be categorised based on its purpose and methodology. Pure and applied research represent two ends of the spectrum, from theory development to practical problem-solving. Primary and secondary research further distinguish between the collection of new data and the synthesis of existing information. Finally, organisation-focused, industry-based, and library projects provide specific contexts within which academic research is conducted. Each type of research contributes uniquely to the broader academic and practical landscape, and understanding their distinctions is essential for conducting effective research. References: Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015) Business Research … Read more

Research is a systematic and structured process employed to investigate and interpret information, providing solutions to problems or offering insights into a particular subject. It is fundamental to the advancement of knowledge across various disciplines, whether in the sciences, humanities, or social sciences. A well-organised research process is crucial for delivering accurate and reliable results, which can then be used to inform decision-making, policy formulation, or further academic inquiry. This process generally consists of several key stages: formulating and clarifying the topic, reviewing the literature, designing the research, collecting data, analysing data, and writing up the results. Each step builds on the previous one, ensuring a coherent flow that leads to a well-founded conclusion. 1.0 Formulating and Clarifying the Research Topic The first step in the research process is to develop a clear and concise research topic. A well-defined research topic serves as the foundation for the entire study, helping to guide decisions throughout the process. According to Saunders, et al. (2019), a clear research topic enables the researcher to focus on the specific issue at hand, ensuring relevance, clarity, and precision. Formulating a research topic involves not only selecting a subject of interest but also narrowing it down to a manageable scope. A topic that is too broad can lead to difficulties in managing the data and research workload, while a narrow topic may result in limited findings and lack of depth. At this stage, researchers should engage in preliminary reading and discussions to refine their ideas and ensure the research’s relevance to their field of study. Additionally, the topic should be something that sparks the researcher’s interest, as this will sustain motivation throughout the often lengthy research process. Moreover, the researcher must ensure that their topic is researchable within the time frame, resources, and methodologies available. Developing clear and specific research questions or hypotheses helps guide the research focus and sets boundaries for the study. These questions will shape the objectives of the research, guiding the researcher on the type of information required. 2.0 Reviewing the Literature Once the topic is defined, the next step is to review the existing literature. The literature review is a crucial part of the research process as it allows researchers to understand what has already been studied, identify gaps in the research, and position their work within the broader academic context. The purpose of this stage is to ensure that the researcher is not duplicating previous studies and to establish a foundation of existing knowledge upon which new findings can be built. A literature review involves sourcing information from various types of resources, such as textbooks, academic journals, conference papers, and credible online sources. Bryman and Bell (2015) highlight that a thorough literature review enables researchers to sharpen their focus on unresolved issues and further theoretical understanding. By critically evaluating past studies, researchers can identify areas that require additional exploration or methodology improvements. In conducting a literature review, it is important to use up-to-date and peer-reviewed sources, as these provide the most reliable evidence. Additionally, the review should be systematic and comprehensive, covering key debates, theories, and methodologies relevant to the research topic. It is also essential to critique the sources rather than simply summarise them. This critical evaluation helps to demonstrate an understanding of the subject and shows how the research will contribute new insights to the field. 3.0 Designing the Research Designing the research is the third step in the process, and it involves selecting the appropriate methodology to address the research question or hypothesis. There are two primary types of research methodologies: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research focuses on exploring phenomena through non-numerical data, such as interviews, case studies, and observations. On the other hand, quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, often using statistical methods to test hypotheses. The choice between qualitative and quantitative methods depends on the nature of the research question and the type of data required. Saunders et al. (2019) suggest that the research design should align with the research objectives. In some cases, researchers may use a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic. Additionally, the researcher must decide on the type of research design, whether it will be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. Exploratory research seeks to investigate new phenomena or explore an area where little is known. Descriptive research provides a detailed account of a specific topic, often focusing on the “what” of the situation. Explanatory research, meanwhile, seeks to explain relationships between variables and is more focused on understanding cause-and-effect dynamics. At this stage, ethical considerations must also be addressed, particularly when working with human subjects. Ethical research requires obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality, and minimising any potential harm. Researchers are also obliged to maintain integrity and transparency throughout the research process. 4.0 Collecting Data Data collection is a critical stage in the research process. The method chosen to collect data will depend on the research design and objectives. Common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations. For quantitative research, surveys and experiments are typically used to collect numerical data that can be statistically analysed. In contrast, qualitative research often employs interviews, focus groups, and case studies to collect detailed, subjective data. Creswell (2014) notes that the choice of data collection methods should consider the nature of the research question, the available resources, and the time frame for the study. In quantitative research, it is important to ensure that the data collection process is both reliable and valid. Reliability refers to the consistency of the data collection process, ensuring that the results can be replicated under similar conditions. Validity, on the other hand, ensures that the data accurately reflects the research question and provides a true representation of the subject under investigation. For qualitative research, data collection involves a more flexible and iterative process. Researchers may conduct interviews with open-ended questions, allowing participants to express their thoughts and experiences freely. In qualitative studies, … Read more