Mohammad T Islam (BSc, MBA, MEd)

Oriental Foods: A Symphony of Culture, Nutrition, and Sustainability

by

The term “Oriental foods” encompasses the diverse culinary traditions of East Asia and Southeast Asia —countries including China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These cuisines, steeped in history and cultural symbolism, have evolved into global culinary icons. From dim sum and sushi to satay and kimchi, Oriental foods are admired not only for their flavour and artistry, but also for their nutritional balance, sustainability, and deep cultural meanings (Ouyang & Shang, 2025). In recent decades, Oriental food traditions have gained global recognition for their health benefits and environmental compatibility, particularly when compared to the Western diet high in saturated fats and processed foods (Long et al., 2025). This article explores the historical, cultural, nutritional, and ecological dimensions of Oriental cuisine and its role in shaping sustainable and mindful eating worldwide. 1.0 Historical and Cultural Roots of Oriental Foods Ancient Origins and Philosophical Foundations The history of Oriental cuisine is intertwined with ancient philosophies such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which emphasise balance, harmony, and respect for nature. These beliefs shaped early approaches to dietary balance and health, evident in China’s Yin-Yang food theory, Japan’s Washoku principle, and India’s Ayurvedic system. According to Ouyang and Shang (2025), early Chinese agricultural practices, as explained by the San Cai theory, focused on nutrient cycling and soil conservation, revealing an early understanding of sustainability and food-energy balance. These philosophies fostered cuisines that combined nutrition, taste, and spiritual well-being, where food was seen as both sustenance and medicine. Cultural Symbolism Food in Oriental societies holds strong symbolic significance. In China, dumplings symbolise prosperity during the Lunar New Year; in Japan, sushi represents purity and respect for natural ingredients; while in Korea, kimchi reflects communal harmony through its collective preparation and sharing (Shapiro & Cumbelich, 2025). Thus, Oriental foods are not merely recipes—they are expressions of cultural identity, family cohesion, and social ritual. 2.0 Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits Plant-Based Diversity Most Oriental cuisines are predominantly plant-based, featuring grains, legumes, vegetables, soy products, herbs, and seafood. This composition aligns closely with modern nutritional guidelines promoting low saturated fats, high fibre, and phytonutrient-rich diets (Long et al., 2025). For instance, rice, a staple across Asia, provides a foundation of complex carbohydrates, while soybean products such as tofu and miso supply plant protein and beneficial isoflavones. In traditional Chinese and Japanese diets, meals are typically low in animal fat and rich in antioxidants, contributing to lower rates of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity compared to Western populations (Wang, 2025). Functional and Fermented Foods Fermentation has been a hallmark of Oriental food preservation for millennia. Foods such as kimchi (Korea), miso (Japan), and tempeh (Indonesia) are naturally fermented with beneficial microorganisms, improving gut health and nutrient absorption. A historical study by Shapiro and Cumbelich (2025) highlights the role of Neurospora crassa, a fungus used in traditional Chinese fermentation, as a sustainable source of vitamin B12 and protein. Such practices reveal the scientific ingenuity behind ancient Oriental culinary traditions long before modern nutrition science formalised them. The Asian Paradox Despite increased carbohydrate consumption, East Asian populations historically exhibited lower obesity rates—a phenomenon known as the Asian Paradox (Wang, 2025). This is attributed to: Smaller portion sizes, High vegetable intake, Active lifestyles, and Minimal processed foods. Modern studies confirm that traditional Oriental diets promote longevity and metabolic resilience, aligning closely with global models of sustainable health diets. 3.0 Oriental Foods and Sustainability Environmentally Conscious Farming Sustainability has long been a cornerstone of Oriental food systems. Ancient Chinese agricultural texts emphasised composting, intercropping, and water conservation, practices still relevant today (Ouyang & Shang, 2025). Similarly, Japanese and Korean rice terraces are models of agroecological harmony, balancing food production with ecological preservation. According to Long et al. (2025), analysis of over 1,000 Chinese dishes revealed that Cantonese and Sichuan cuisines typically have lower carbon footprints than Western diets due to their emphasis on seasonal vegetables, local produce, and moderate animal protein. Zero-Waste and Whole-Food Philosophy In many Oriental culinary traditions, nothing goes to waste. Broths are made from bones and vegetable trimmings; rice water is reused; and soy pulp (okara) becomes a secondary ingredient in soups and snacks. Such circular food practices embody the modern principles of a circular economy and zero-waste sustainability (Shapiro & Cumbelich, 2025). Moreover, the communal and slow-cooked nature of many Oriental dishes encourages mindful eating, reducing food waste and overconsumption. 4.0 Oriental Foods in the Modern Global Context Globalisation and Culinary Exchange Oriental foods have achieved global popularity, with sushi, ramen, curry, and stir-fry now integral to international menus. However, globalisation also brings challenges—fusion trends and industrialisation have led to increased sugar, salt, and fat content in commercialised “Asian” foods (Khoo, 2025). In Malaysia, for example, traditional sweet dishes have evolved into high-calorie desserts laden with refined sugars, contributing to rising obesity and diabetes rates (Khoo, 2025). This reflects the tension between cultural preservation and modern adaptation. Oriental Foods and the Western Wellness Movement Ironically, as traditional eating habits decline in Asia, Western health culture increasingly embraces Oriental dietary principles—such as green tea antioxidants, matcha, plant-based soy protein, and mindful eating (Wang, 2025). Nutritionists now cite Japanese and Mediterranean diets as twin pillars of longevity, both emphasising balance, portion control, and natural ingredients. Nutrition Education and Modern Challenges Recent research by Wang (2025) on Chinese communities adapting to Western food systems highlights the importance of nutrition education and dietary acculturation. Programmes teaching people how to cook traditional Oriental foods using local ingredients have proven effective in reducing food insecurity and promoting healthy cultural integration. 5.0 Oriental Foods as Cultural Heritage and Global Model Culinary Diplomacy and Soft Power Oriental cuisines have become a form of cultural diplomacy, fostering cross-cultural understanding through food. Nations such as Japan, China, and Thailand actively promote their cuisines through UNESCO heritage programmes and global culinary festivals, positioning food as both an economic asset and a cultural ambassador (Patti, 2025). Towards a Sustainable Global Diet The EAT-Lancet Commission (2020) recommends global diets that are predominantly plant-based, echoing the Oriental tradition of … Read more

Mediterranean Foods: A Harmony of Flavour, Health, and Sustainability

by

The Mediterranean food culture is more than just a culinary tradition—it is a way of life deeply rooted in history, community, and respect for the natural environment. Characterised by an abundance of plant-based foods, olive oil, whole grains, fresh produce, and moderate consumption of fish and dairy, the Mediterranean diet has long been praised for its health benefits, environmental sustainability, and cultural significance (Hu et al., 2025; Alharbi et al., 2025). In recent decades, global research has confirmed what Mediterranean communities have known for centuries: that eating simply and seasonally can lead to longer, healthier lives and a more sustainable planet. This article explores the nutritional composition, health benefits, and environmental and cultural value of Mediterranean foods, drawing on findings from contemporary journal research, academic textbooks, and reputable scientific sources. 1.0 The Origins of Mediterranean Food Culture The Mediterranean region encompasses over 20 countries, each contributing to a shared but diverse food heritage. According to Vujačić et al. (2025), the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) originated from the rural practices of southern Europe (particularly Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey) and northern Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), where people cultivated grains, legumes, olives, and vines, forming the basis of their daily sustenance. These foods were consumed in communal settings, reflecting a social and cultural emphasis on family, sharing, and moderation (UNESCO, 2010). The Mediterranean food pyramid, conceptualised in the 1990s and updated by Hu et al. (2025), emphasises this cultural ethos by combining nutritional science with lifestyle factors, including physical activity, social eating, and mindful enjoyment of meals. These aspects together contribute to the holistic concept of Mediterranean living—a balance of body, mind, and environment. 2.0 Nutritional Composition and Key Ingredients The hallmark of Mediterranean foods lies in their diversity and nutritional richness. According to Singh et al. (2025), the diet harmonises plant-based nutrition with sustainable consumption. Some defining ingredients include: Olive oil, known as “liquid gold”, is the primary source of fat, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants that promote heart health (Blundell et al., 2025). Legumes and grains, such as lentils, chickpeas, and barley, provide fibre and plant-based proteins. Fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly tomatoes, aubergines, and peppers, are loaded with vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients that combat oxidative stress (Alharbi et al., 2025). Fish, particularly sardines and tuna, supply omega-3 fatty acids, crucial for cardiovascular and brain function (Faris et al., 2025). Moderate wine consumption, especially red wine, is linked to improved vascular function due to compounds like resveratrol. The combination of these foods creates a nutrient-dense diet that supports both longevity and quality of life. 3.0 Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet 3.1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health One of the most well-documented benefits of Mediterranean foods is their ability to protect against heart disease. A systematic review by Jones and Coe (2025) found that the Mediterranean diet significantly reduces LDL cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and inflammation, key factors in cardiovascular risk. Hu et al. (2025) further highlight that three decades of research consistently associate the diet with lower rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. 3.2 Mental Health and Cognitive Function Beyond physical health, the Mediterranean diet contributes to mental well-being. According to Faris et al. (2025), high adherence to this diet is linked with lower depression rates and improved cognitive function. The abundance of B vitamins, antioxidants, and healthy fats helps maintain neuronal integrity and reduce oxidative damage in the brain. 3.4 Cancer Prevention Recent findings by Jones and Coe (2025) and Singh et al. (2025) suggest that the Mediterranean diet may play a role in reducing cancer risk through anti-inflammatory compounds and polyphenols found in olive oil, nuts, and vegetables. For example, the antioxidant lycopene in tomatoes is associated with lower prostate and breast cancer risks. 3.5 Gut Health and Immunity The Mediterranean diet is also known to support gut microbiome diversity, which enhances immunity and digestion. Gänzle et al. (2025) demonstrate that fermented Mediterranean foods like yoghurt, sourdough bread, and olives introduce probiotic microorganisms that improve gut health and nutrient absorption. 4.0 Sustainability and the Mediterranean Model 4.1 Environmental Impact In addition to health advantages, Mediterranean foods are models of environmental sustainability. The diet’s emphasis on local, seasonal, and plant-based ingredients minimises the carbon footprint and promotes biodiversity (Alharbi et al., 2025). The reliance on traditional agricultural practices, such as crop rotation and polyculture, ensures long-term soil health and water conservation (Rao, 2025). 4.2 Social and Economic Dimensions The cultural value of Mediterranean eating extends to its role in community resilience and local economies. Vandecandelaere and Marie-Vivien (2025) note that many Mediterranean foods—such as Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, extra virgin olive oil, and Cretan honey—carry geographical indications, protecting artisanal production and sustaining rural livelihoods. Moreover, as Patti (2025) argues, the Mediterranean diet exemplifies how biodiversity and food heritage can coexist, preserving both human health and environmental balance. 5.0 Mediterranean Foods in Modern Life In today’s fast-paced, globalised world, Mediterranean foods continue to inspire both chefs and health professionals. The popularity of dishes such as Greek salad, paella, hummus, and ratatouille reflects a growing global interest in healthy, natural, and flavourful eating. Modern adaptations also incorporate sustainable innovation, including functional foods—such as olive oil-based snacks and phytonutrient-rich supplements—that blend tradition with scientific advancement (Blundell et al., 2025). These innovations align with consumer demand for clean-label, eco-friendly products that support well-being and environmental ethics. Even within tourism, Vujačić et al. (2025) found that Mediterranean food knowledge among hospitality students in southern Europe fosters sustainable culinary tourism, promoting awareness of cultural identity and ecological responsibility. 6.0 Challenges to Mediterranean Food Preservation While the Mediterranean diet has been globally celebrated, its adherence is declining in some Mediterranean countries due to urbanisation, fast food culture, and economic constraints (Hwalla et al., 2025). Younger generations are increasingly disconnected from traditional agricultural systems and cooking methods. Additionally, the commercialisation of “Mediterranean-style” foods sometimes leads to misinterpretations—such as overuse of olive oil or processed versions of traditional dishes—that deviate from authentic dietary principles. Doğanay and Gündüz (2025) emphasise the importance of … Read more

Command Words: Understanding Their Importance in Academic Assignments

by

Producing high-quality academic work requires not only knowledge of the subject but also an understanding of how questions are framed. The command words used in assignment briefs, such as analyse, evaluate, or discuss, provide explicit instructions on how to approach a task. Recognising and accurately responding to these instructional verbs is a critical academic skill that demonstrates comprehension, analytical thinking, and intellectual rigour (Cottrell, 2019). This article explores the meanings of commonly used command words, their implications for academic writing, and strategies for applying them effectively in higher education. 1.0 The Importance of Understanding Command Words At the core of academic success lies the ability to interpret assignment questions correctly. According to Cottrell (2019), misunderstanding the task is one of the most common reasons students underperform in assessments. Command words act as cognitive signposts, guiding the depth, structure, and tone of an academic response. For instance, a question beginning with “Evaluate” requires a balanced judgement supported by evidence, while “Describe” merely demands factual explanation. Moon (2013) emphasises that academic performance is determined not just by knowledge recall but by critical engagement with information. Therefore, identifying the command word allows learners to align their writing style and argument structure with the examiner’s expectations. For example, a command word like “Critically analyse” demands a higher level of cognitive processing than “Explain” — moving beyond description towards critique and synthesis (Bloom, 1956). 2.0 Common Command Words and Their Academic Implications Analyse To analyse means to examine in detail the constituent parts of an idea, concept, or issue and explore their relationships. As Anderson and Krathwohl (2001) note in their revision of Bloom’s taxonomy, analysis occupies a mid-level cognitive domain, demanding understanding and interpretation. For instance, when analysing a company’s marketing strategy, a student must dissect the campaign — considering objectives, target audience, promotional channels, and outcomes — rather than merely describing what the campaign involved. A good analytical answer often includes linkages between causes and consequences and employs evidence-based reasoning. Assess The word assess requires a student to weigh up strengths and weaknesses, or the importance of different factors. According to Burns and Sinfield (2016), assessment in writing involves judgement informed by criteria or evidence. For example, when asked to assess the effectiveness of a company’s leadership style, the student should explore both the style’s success in motivating employees and its potential drawbacks, such as overreliance on autocratic decision-making in dynamic business environments. Compare and Contrast To compare means to look for similarities, while to contrast emphasises differences. As Gillet (2022) explains, effective comparative writing often uses paired evidence and clear structure, allowing the reader to discern relationships and distinctions. For instance, comparing Porter’s Five Forces and the PESTLE framework requires identifying their overlapping functions (e.g., analysing external influences on a business) as well as contrasting features (e.g., industry-level vs. macro-environmental focus). Critically Analyse Perhaps one of the most demanding command words, critically analyse requires both evaluation and judgement. According to Redman and Maples (2017), critical analysis involves examining strengths and weaknesses, questioning assumptions, and considering alternative perspectives. In business management, for example, a critical analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives might involve balancing the reputational benefits of ethical branding against potential cost implications and stakeholder scepticism. Define The simplest but most fundamental task, to define means to state the exact meaning of a term or concept. As Harris and McPherson (2018) note, a good definition should be concise, precise, and, where relevant, referenced from an authoritative source. For instance, defining strategic management using Johnson, Whittington and Scholes (2017) would involve identifying it as “the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage through its configuration of resources within a changing environment.” Discuss When asked to discuss, a student should present arguments for and against a proposition, before reaching a reasoned conclusion. Northedge (2005) argues that discussion-type questions assess a learner’s ability to synthesise multiple viewpoints. For example, discussing the impact of globalisation on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involves weighing its benefits in terms of market access and innovation against challenges such as increased competition and cultural adaptation. Evaluate To evaluate requires students to make a value judgement based on evidence. As Stella Cottrell (2019) states, evaluation demands both critical thinking and the ability to justify conclusions. For example, evaluating the use of transformational leadership in organisational change would require examining its effectiveness in motivating employees, its alignment with corporate culture, and potential challenges in maintaining consistency across large teams. Justify When an assignment requires you to justify, you must defend a position or argument with evidence or reasoning. For instance, justifying the adoption of a hybrid working model involves citing evidence of increased employee satisfaction, cost efficiency, and productivity outcomes in post-pandemic organisations. Illustrate To illustrate means to clarify through examples or visual aids. As Lea and Street (2014) observe, illustration deepens understanding by connecting theory to practice. For example, illustrating the process of strategic planning might involve a step-by-step diagram of SWOT analysis leading to objective setting and implementation planning. 3.0 The Role of Critical Reflection Another advanced command often found in higher education is critical reflection. This goes beyond merely recalling what was done — it involves interpreting experiences and drawing lessons for future practice (Kolb, 1984). Critical reflection, as Schön (1983) explains, is a means of transforming experience into learning by examining underlying assumptions. In business management, reflecting on a previous group project on market entry strategy might reveal gaps in communication, delegation, or risk assessment, leading to improved teamwork and project management skills. For instance, after completing a business simulation exercise, a student might critically reflect on how overlooking competitor pricing data led to reduced market share. This reflection demonstrates both self-awareness and application of professional standards — key traits in managerial and academic growth. 4.0 Strategies for Applying Command Words Effectively Understanding command words is not enough; students must also translate them into structured academic writing. According to Bailey (2018), effective responses use academic language, logical progression, and evidence-based … Read more

Creative Provocation: Stimulating Innovative Thinking and New Ideas

by

Creative provocation is a dynamic and intentional process used to stimulate innovative thinking and generate novel ideas by challenging established norms, assumptions, and beliefs (Barker, 2018). It serves as a cognitive catalyst that disrupts conventional thought patterns, compelling individuals or groups to think differently and explore possibilities beyond the familiar. As societies, organisations, and individuals confront increasingly complex challenges in the 21st century, creative provocation has emerged as an essential method for fostering creativity, adaptability, and innovation across disciplines. 1.0 Understanding Creative Provocation At its essence, creative provocation involves the introduction of disruptive or unexpected stimuli that provoke reflection and inspire fresh insights (Smith, 2016). This approach is grounded in the understanding that human cognition often operates within habitual frameworks, or what De Bono (1992) refers to as “patterned thinking”. Such patterns, while efficient for everyday tasks, can hinder the discovery of new ideas or innovative solutions. By using provocative statements, questions, or scenarios, creative provocation helps individuals reframe problems and reconceptualise challenges from multiple perspectives. It is often deliberately unsettling or paradoxical in nature, designed to interrupt routine thought processes and evoke curiosity. For example, in a design thinking workshop, a facilitator might ask, “What if we had to design a product that deliberately fails after one week?” Such a question, though counterintuitive, may lead participants to rethink assumptions about durability, user experience, and value creation. 2.0 Theoretical Foundations of Creative Provocation The theoretical roots of creative provocation can be traced to lateral thinking, a concept popularised by Edward De Bono (1970), who argued that creativity is not simply a natural gift but a deliberate skill that can be cultivated. Lateral thinking encourages movement away from linear, logical reasoning towards unorthodox and associative thinking. De Bono proposed the use of “provocative operations” (abbreviated as “POs”) to generate new ideas by intentionally disrupting normal thought patterns. These include techniques such as concept reversal, random entry, and wishful thinking. For example, the statement “Cars should have square wheels” is a provocation that challenges assumptions about design and encourages exploration of unconventional engineering possibilities. Building on this, scholars such as Runco (2014) and Kaufman & Sternberg (2019) have highlighted how cognitive flexibility — the ability to shift between different modes of thought — underpins creativity and innovation. Creative provocation acts as a mechanism for enhancing this flexibility, pushing thinkers beyond comfort zones to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and risk. 3.0 Forms of Creative Provocation Creative provocation can take a variety of forms, each designed to elicit different types of cognitive and emotional responses. These methods are particularly effective in education, organisational innovation, and creative industries, where original thinking is prized. The most common forms include: 3.1 Provocative Questions These are open-ended, challenging questions that encourage individuals to explore new dimensions of a problem (Smith, 2016). For instance, asking “What would happen if money did not exist?” can lead to discussions about value, motivation, and societal organisation. In business contexts, provocative questions such as “How would we disrupt our own company?” can uncover latent weaknesses and inspire proactive innovation. 3.2 Contrarian Statements Contrarian statements contradict conventional wisdom and push individuals to justify or rethink their beliefs. For example, stating that “failure is more valuable than success” may initially appear absurd, but upon deeper reflection, it reveals insights into the importance of learning through experimentation and embracing mistakes as part of the creative process (Jones & Brown, 2020). 3.3 Random Stimuli This involves introducing unrelated or surprising stimuli—such as images, words, or objects—to spark new associations. A common practice in brainstorming sessions is the use of random word generation to trigger unexpected connections. For instance, when designing a new app, being presented with the random word “forest” might inspire thoughts about growth, ecosystems, and interconnection, leading to innovative user interface designs (Williams, 2019). 3.4 Role Reversal By adopting different perspectives or roles, individuals gain fresh insights into a problem. A marketing team might assume the viewpoint of a dissatisfied customer to re-evaluate their service strategies. In education, role reversal can be used to foster empathy and divergent thinking, allowing students to explore alternative viewpoints. 3.5 Scenario Exploration “What-if” scenarios encourage people to think creatively about possible futures and outcomes. In strategic planning, leaders might explore extreme scenarios such as, “What if our primary market disappeared overnight?” Such exercises help in developing resilient strategies and anticipatory thinking, which are vital for long-term success (Barker, 2018). 4.0 The Role of Creative Provocation in Innovation Creative provocation plays a pivotal role in driving innovation by fostering a culture that values experimentation, curiosity, and risk-taking. As Williams (2019) notes, when organisations deliberately employ provocative techniques, they unlock latent creative potential within teams. For example, technology companies such as Google and IDEO integrate provocations into their design sprints to stimulate unconventional solutions. In the field of public policy, creative provocation has been used to challenge entrenched bureaucratic thinking. Governments and NGOs have adopted design provocations—such as speculative prototypes and future scenarios—to engage citizens in reimagining urban spaces or public services (Sanders & Stappers, 2014). Moreover, in the arts and media, provocation has long served as a tool to question societal norms and inspire critical discourse. Movements like Dadaism and Surrealism emerged from deliberate provocation against traditional aesthetics, redefining what art could be. Thus, creative provocation not only stimulates innovation but also fosters cultural transformation and social progress. 5.0 Psychological and Cognitive Benefits From a psychological standpoint, engaging with creative provocations enhances cognitive flexibility, divergent thinking, and emotional resilience. Research in cognitive psychology (Ward, 2019) suggests that exposure to ambiguity and surprise increases the brain’s capacity for pattern recognition and idea recombination—two essential components of creativity. Furthermore, creative provocation helps individuals overcome mental inertia and fear of failure. By creating safe spaces where unconventional ideas are encouraged, organisations can reduce creative anxiety and promote a sense of psychological safety (Edmondson, 2018). This is crucial for high-performance teams, as it enables members to take risks, share novel ideas, and collaboratively refine them into viable innovations. 6.0 Challenges and Ethical Considerations While … Read more

Creativity: Why is it crucial for success?

by

Creativity is widely recognised as one of the most valuable human capacities in the modern world. It refers to the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas, solutions, or concepts that extend beyond conventional thought patterns (Roberts, 2019). At its core, creativity is not confined to artistic domains such as music, painting, or literature; rather, it is a universal attribute that applies to science, business, education, technology, and everyday life. The ability to think outside the box, connect seemingly unrelated ideas, and approach problems from unconventional perspectives lies at the heart of what it means to be creative. In a world defined by rapid technological advancement, globalisation, and constant change, creativity has become a crucial determinant of success for individuals, organisations, and societies alike. 1.0 Creativity as the Driver of Innovation One of the most significant reasons creativity is essential for success is its intrinsic link to innovation. According to Smith and Brown (2018), innovation emerges when creative ideas are applied effectively to develop new products, services, processes, or systems. Without creativity, innovation would stagnate, as it depends on the ability to envision what does not yet exist. For example, the success of companies such as Apple, Tesla, and Dyson is largely attributed to their capacity to merge technological expertise with creative design thinking. Steve Jobs famously stated that “creativity is just connecting things”, highlighting how innovative breakthroughs often stem from combining unrelated ideas into something novel and valuable. In the public sector, too, creative innovation drives social progress — from the development of sustainable energy solutions to educational reforms that engage diverse learners. Creativity therefore serves as the foundation upon which innovation builds, enabling societies to evolve and thrive in an ever-changing global landscape. 2.0 Creativity as a Source of Competitive Advantage In today’s competitive environment, where technological disruption and globalisation reshape industries almost overnight, creativity is essential for maintaining a competitive edge. Jones (2020) argues that organisations capable of fostering creative cultures are better equipped to identify emerging opportunities, anticipate consumer needs, and differentiate themselves from competitors. For instance, brands such as LEGO and Nike have maintained market leadership not only through quality products but also by embedding creativity into their corporate cultures — encouraging employees to think innovatively and take calculated risks. Similarly, individuals who cultivate creativity in their professional lives stand out in the job market. The World Economic Forum (2023) lists creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving among the top ten skills for the future workforce. In essence, creativity provides both individuals and organisations with strategic agility, enabling them to adapt swiftly to new challenges and sustain success over time. 3.0 Creativity and Effective Problem-Solving Another key reason creativity is crucial for success is its role in problem-solving. Taylor (2017) suggests that creativity allows individuals to generate diverse, original, and practical solutions to complex issues. While analytical thinking focuses on logic and structure, creative thinking enables the exploration of non-linear possibilities and the synthesis of novel solutions. A notable example of this is the Apollo 13 mission, where NASA engineers had to improvise a life-saving carbon dioxide filter using limited materials on board. Their success demonstrated the power of creative thinking under pressure. Similarly, in everyday life, creative problem-solving enables individuals to navigate challenges ranging from financial planning to relationship management, contributing directly to personal and professional achievement. 4.0 Creativity and Adaptability In an era characterised by uncertainty, adaptability has become an essential quality for survival and success. Creativity enhances adaptability by fostering flexibility, curiosity, and a willingness to experiment (Clark, 2019). Creative individuals are less resistant to change because they view it as an opportunity rather than a threat. They tend to embrace new experiences, learn from failure, and adjust their strategies when faced with unforeseen circumstances. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses had to pivot rapidly to remote work, online sales, and digital marketing. Organisations that encouraged creative problem-solving — such as restaurants that offered virtual cooking classes or museums that hosted online exhibitions — were able to adapt and even thrive amidst disruption. Thus, creativity equips both individuals and institutions with the mental flexibility necessary to navigate uncertainty and transform adversity into opportunity. 5.0 Creativity as a Tool for Expression and Communication Creativity also enhances self-expression and communication, enabling individuals to convey ideas, emotions, and experiences in engaging ways (Miller et al., 2021). This is evident in fields such as advertising, media, and education, where creative storytelling and design are used to capture attention and inspire action. For instance, public health campaigns that use creative visuals and narratives — like the UK’s “Change4Life” initiative — have been more effective at influencing behaviour than traditional information-based approaches. Moreover, creativity fosters empathy and social connection. When people express themselves creatively, they invite others to see the world through their eyes, promoting understanding and collaboration. In leadership contexts, creative communication allows managers to inspire and motivate teams, articulate visions clearly, and encourage a shared sense of purpose. 6.0 Creativity and Personal Fulfilment Beyond professional and social benefits, creativity is deeply tied to personal fulfilment and psychological wellbeing. Wilson (2016) argues that creative engagement contributes to self-actualisation, as described by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Activities such as painting, writing, gardening, or even problem-solving at work provide individuals with a sense of purpose and identity. Creative pursuits are also known to reduce stress and enhance emotional resilience. According to research from the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020), engaging in creative activities stimulates the release of dopamine — a neurotransmitter associated with motivation and pleasure. This explains why many people report feeling a sense of “flow” or deep satisfaction during creative engagement. Ultimately, creativity offers not only a pathway to external success but also an avenue for internal harmony and self-expression. 7.0 Creativity and Problem Anticipation While creativity is often associated with generating solutions, it is equally valuable for anticipating potential problems before they arise. Harris (2020) highlights how creative foresight enables individuals and organisations to visualise multiple future scenarios and develop preventive strategies. For example, … Read more

The Iceberg Metaphor: Understanding What Lies Beneath the Surface

by

The iceberg metaphor is a powerful and widely used concept that illustrates how only a small portion of any situation, issue, or system is visible above the surface, while a much larger, more significant part remains hidden beneath. Like an iceberg, where roughly 90% lies underwater, the metaphor reminds us that what is seen is often just the tip of a much deeper reality. This model is employed across disciplines — from psychology and business to cultural studies, project management, and personal development — to explore the relationship between visible outcomes and underlying causes. The central insight of the iceberg metaphor is that surface-level phenomena—what we can observe—are influenced and shaped by subsurface elements that are less visible but equally, if not more, important. By acknowledging these hidden layers, individuals and organisations can develop a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of human behaviour, systems, and performance. 1.0 The Iceberg Metaphor in Psychology: Freud’s Model of the Mind In psychology, the iceberg metaphor is most famously associated with Sigmund Freud’s model of the human mind. Freud (1915) divided the psyche into three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The visible tip of the iceberg represents the conscious mind, encompassing thoughts, perceptions, and feelings that are immediately accessible. However, beneath the surface lies the unconscious mind, which contains desires, fears, and memories that, while inaccessible, profoundly influence behaviour and emotions. Freud’s theory suggests that much of human behaviour is driven by these hidden motivations, a view still echoed in modern personality theory (Ewen, 2014). For instance, an individual’s anxiety may appear as an isolated symptom, but its root cause often lies in unresolved internal conflicts buried deep within the unconscious. This metaphor encourages psychologists and therapists to look beyond visible symptoms to uncover deeper psychological patterns, thereby enabling more effective therapeutic interventions (Cherry, 2020). 2.0 Business and Management: Surface Symptoms vs. Root Causes In business and management, the iceberg metaphor provides a valuable framework for diagnosing organisational issues. Schein (2004) applied the model to organisational culture, illustrating how observable behaviours, such as communication styles or dress codes, form only the visible tip. Beneath this surface lie underlying assumptions, beliefs, and values that drive organisational behaviour but are not easily seen. For example, declining sales or low employee morale may seem like isolated problems but often stem from deeper cultural or structural issues, such as ineffective leadership or lack of shared vision. Kotter (1996) argues that sustainable organisational change requires addressing these root causes rather than focusing solely on surface-level symptoms. In management consulting, this metaphor is used for root cause analysis, helping leaders see that improving long-term performance depends on tackling the hidden systems and attitudes shaping behaviour (MindTools, n.d.). An organisation that fails to recognise the submerged 90% risks applying temporary fixes to recurring problems. 3.0 Cultural Awareness: Understanding the Depth of Human Interaction In cross-cultural communication, the iceberg metaphor, introduced by Edward T. Hall (1976), illustrates the complexity of cultural understanding. The visible tip of culture includes language, dress, food, and customs—aspects easily observed by outsiders. However, beneath the surface lie the unspoken rules, values, and beliefs that shape how individuals think, communicate, and behave. For example, direct eye contact may be perceived as confidence in some cultures but as disrespect in others. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) emphasise that understanding these hidden layers is essential for effective international business and collaboration. Hofstede Insights (n.d.) also reinforces this perspective, noting that cultural misunderstandings often occur when people interpret behaviour through their own visible norms, without appreciating the deeper cultural logic beneath. Thus, cultural awareness demands that we look below the surface to understand the motivations and assumptions guiding human behaviour, promoting empathy, respect, and inclusion in global contexts. 4.0 Project Management: What’s Seen vs. What’s Ongoing In project management, the iceberg metaphor highlights the distinction between visible achievements—such as milestones or deliverables—and the hidden work that ensures success. Kerzner (2013) explains that while project progress reports may show completed tasks, they often conceal the challenges, negotiations, and problem-solving required to achieve them. Similarly, the Project Management Institute (2017) notes that risk management, stakeholder engagement, and internal coordination are often invisible efforts that determine whether projects succeed or fail. The metaphor helps project managers adopt a systemic perspective, recognising that smooth project execution depends on addressing unseen dynamics such as team morale, communication patterns, and leadership effectiveness. 5.0 Personal Growth: Outward Success and Inner Struggle The iceberg metaphor also applies powerfully to personal development. The visible tip symbolises outward success — achievements such as promotions, wealth, or recognition. However, beneath the surface lie the inner struggles, perseverance, and failures that enable personal growth. Covey (1989) argues that genuine success comes from developing the “character ethic” — foundational principles such as integrity, discipline, and empathy — rather than focusing solely on external achievements. Brown (2012) expands on this, noting that embracing vulnerability and learning from setbacks fosters resilience and authenticity. This hidden effort is often overlooked in social media culture, where people tend to display only their visible accomplishments. The iceberg metaphor serves as a reminder that true growth occurs beneath the surface, in moments of reflection, failure, and persistence. 6.0 The Significance of the Iceberg Metaphor The enduring appeal of the iceberg metaphor lies in its ability to simplify complex ideas while revealing the depth of hidden influences. It underscores several key lessons applicable across disciplines: Enhanced Understanding of Complex Systems: The metaphor demonstrates that surface-level observations represent only a small portion of the whole system. By exploring deeper causes — whether in psychology, culture, or organisations — we gain a holistic understanding of how visible outcomes emerge (Hall, 1976; Schein, 2004). Effective Communication and Teaching: As a visual model, the iceberg makes abstract ideas tangible, helping educators and professionals convey complex concepts in accessible ways. For example, business trainers use the model to explain cultural misunderstandings or systemic organisational problems (MindTools, n.d.). Improved Problem Solving: By encouraging root cause analysis, the metaphor promotes critical and reflective thinking. Addressing the submerged … Read more

Ways to Sharpen Your Critical Thinking Skills

by

In an increasingly complex and fast-changing world, the ability to think critically has become an essential skill for both personal and professional development. Critical thinking involves the objective analysis and evaluation of information to form a reasoned judgment (Facione, 2011). It allows individuals to assess arguments, recognise assumptions, and make decisions based on sound reasoning rather than impulse or bias. As Smith (2018) argues, sharpening critical thinking skills enhances not only problem-solving and decision-making but also fosters creativity, adaptability, and lifelong learning. Developing such skills requires deliberate practice and reflection through a combination of intellectual habits, analytical exercises, and experiential learning strategies. 1.0 Practice Socratic Questioning The Socratic method, named after the ancient philosopher Socrates, is one of the most effective ways to stimulate deeper thought and self-examination. Socratic questioning involves asking probing questions that challenge assumptions and seek clarity of reasoning (Paul & Elder, 2019). According to Jones (2019), these questions help individuals move beyond superficial understanding by examining the “why” and “how” behind their beliefs and actions. For instance, educators use Socratic questioning to help students evaluate evidence critically and construct logical arguments. This technique encourages reflective scepticism, pushing learners to justify their reasoning and consider alternative viewpoints (Brookfield, 2012). In professional contexts such as medicine or law, structured questioning enhances diagnostic accuracy and ethical decision-making by ensuring all perspectives are considered. 2.0 Read Actively and Critically Active reading is a cornerstone of critical thinking. It goes beyond passive absorption of information by requiring readers to analyse, question, and interpret the text (Brown et al., 2020). Active readers annotate, summarise, and critically assess the author’s arguments, evidence, and reasoning. According to Fajarina and Agustina (2025), active reading improves comprehension and fosters deeper engagement with content by transforming reading into a dialogue between the reader and the text. In academia, this approach allows students to identify biases, assumptions, and logical fallacies, while in professional environments, it aids in analysing complex reports and policies. Moreover, engaging with diverse sources — academic journals, essays, and data — helps individuals develop a well-rounded understanding of different subjects and enhances intellectual independence. 3.0 Seek Diverse Perspectives Exposure to different perspectives broadens understanding and challenges cognitive biases. Johnson and Patel (2017) note that actively engaging with contrasting opinions enhances empathy and fosters intellectual humility. Encountering perspectives that differ from one’s own prevents confirmation bias, where individuals selectively seek information that supports their existing beliefs (Kahneman, 2011). In globalised workplaces, understanding cultural and disciplinary diversity strengthens collaboration and problem-solving. For example, a marketing professional who incorporates insights from psychology, sociology, and data analytics develops more nuanced strategies. As Lysenko et al. (2025) argue, critical thinkers must navigate complex social and informational environments, and embracing diverse viewpoints equips them to do so effectively. 4.0 Develop Logical Reasoning Logical reasoning forms the foundation of critical thinking. It involves identifying logical fallacies, evaluating arguments, and constructing sound conclusions based on evidence (Clark, 2016). According to Halpern (2014), logical reasoning enables individuals to recognise flawed arguments — such as false cause, circular reasoning, or ad hominem attacks — and replace them with coherent, evidence-based reasoning. To strengthen logical thinking, individuals can engage in structured exercises such as argument mapping, where they visually represent premises and conclusions to assess coherence. In professions such as science, law, and data analysis, logical reasoning ensures decisions are based on valid inference rather than assumptions. 5.0 Problem-Solving and Analytical Exercises Problem-solving exercises such as puzzles, case studies, and logic games encourage analytical thinking and stimulate creativity (Taylor, 2021). These activities mirror real-world scenarios where individuals must synthesise information, identify patterns, and devise solutions. According to Maribovich (2025), interactive teaching methods — such as simulations or scenario-based learning — effectively improve students’ critical thinking and decision-making skills by providing opportunities to apply theory in practice. In corporate environments, companies like Google and IBM employ gamified problem-solving to train employees in innovation and strategic analysis. Such methods not only strengthen analytical abilities but also foster cognitive agility, the capacity to adapt to changing challenges. 6.0 Reflective Journaling Reflective journaling is a powerful metacognitive tool that encourages individuals to examine their own thought processes. Writing reflections helps learners identify patterns in their reasoning, biases, and areas for improvement (Garcia, 2018). According to Mezirow (1991), reflective practice is essential for transformative learning, as it bridges experience with critical self-assessment. In education, journaling prompts students to connect theory with personal experience, deepening understanding. In leadership contexts, reflection enhances decision-making and emotional intelligence by encouraging self-awareness and continuous growth (Brookfield, 2017). 7.0 Engage in Debate and Discussion Participating in debate and discussion sharpens the ability to articulate, defend, and revise ideas logically. Roberts and White (2019) note that structured debates foster reasoning skills and expose individuals to counterarguments, promoting open-mindedness and intellectual humility. For example, in university debate societies or professional workshops, discussing contentious issues develops rhetorical precision and evidence-based persuasion. According to Hardman (2025), debates also stimulate cognitive dissonance, compelling individuals to reconcile conflicting ideas — a key catalyst for deeper understanding and growth. 8.0 Evaluate Information and Sources In the digital information age, the ability to assess the credibility and reliability of information is paramount. Miller and Smith (2020) argue that critical thinkers must discern between credible evidence and misinformation by examining the author’s credentials, publication source, and supporting data. Tools such as the CRAAP test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose) are useful frameworks for evaluating digital content. As Quon et al. (2025) suggest, training students in information literacy enhances their ability to navigate online environments responsibly and critically, a crucial skill in combating fake news and algorithmic bias. 9.0 Learn from Mistakes Critical thinking thrives on reflection and resilience. Rather than viewing mistakes as failures, effective thinkers see them as opportunities for learning. Young (2017) notes that analysing mistakes develops metacognitive awareness — the understanding of one’s own thinking patterns. For example, reviewing a failed project or essay can reveal flaws in reasoning or evidence, guiding future improvement. Similarly, Adiningrum, Margiono and Rohman (2026) found … Read more

Thinking Skills: Lateral, Divergent, and Convergent Thinking

by

In the modern world of innovation, education, and problem-solving, understanding different thinking skills is essential for personal, academic, and professional success. Among these, lateral, divergent, and convergent thinking represent distinct yet complementary cognitive processes that underpin creativity, critical reasoning, and effective decision-making. While they share the common goal of generating and refining ideas, they differ in the pathways and mental operations used to reach a solution. 1.0 Lateral Thinking Lateral thinking, a concept introduced by Edward de Bono (1970), refers to an indirect, non-linear approach to problem-solving. Rather than progressing through a step-by-step logical sequence, lateral thinking seeks to restructure patterns of thought and explore unconventional solutions. De Bono argued that traditional “vertical thinking” relies on analytical reasoning, while lateral thinking breaks habitual patterns to allow for creative insight and innovation. Lateral thinking is grounded in the idea that creativity is not a mysterious or innate talent but a skill that can be cultivated through deliberate techniques (De Bono, 1970). Techniques such as random stimulus, provocation (PO), and concept extraction are commonly used to encourage the brain to make new associations. For example, a team designing an eco-friendly transport system might use a random image or phrase to inspire connections between unrelated ideas, leading to the creation of innovative hybrid mobility solutions (Malthouse et al., 2022). Research by Rawlings, Chetwynd-Talbot and Husband (2025) emphasises that lateral thinking enhances cognitive flexibility, enabling individuals to shift perspectives and overcome cognitive rigidity. In organisational settings, this type of thinking fosters adaptive problem-solving and innovation. For instance, companies such as Google and IDEO incorporate lateral thinking workshops to stimulate breakthrough ideas and challenge existing assumptions. Lateral thinking is particularly useful when traditional analytical approaches fail to yield solutions. Gonzales (2001) highlights that problem-solving methods like Synectics—which encourages the combination of seemingly unrelated concepts—are rooted in lateral thinking principles. These approaches promote creative breakthroughs by reframing problems from novel angles, thereby expanding the scope of possible solutions. 2.0 Divergent Thinking Divergent thinking refers to the generation of multiple ideas or solutions to a given problem, emphasising fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration (Guilford, 1950). It is a core component of creativity, as it involves exploring many possible directions before narrowing down to a final solution. Divergent thinking allows individuals to produce novel and diverse ideas, often through free association, mind mapping, or creative brainstorming sessions (Runco, 2020). Psychologist J.P. Guilford’s (1950) work on the Structure of Intellect model introduced divergent thinking as a measure of creative potential. He proposed that creative performance depends on the ability to think broadly and fluidly rather than converge on one right answer. Later, Runco and Acar (2019) expanded on this, suggesting that divergent thinking represents a “gateway to creativity” by enabling cognitive exploration beyond traditional boundaries. Neuroscientific studies, such as Razoumnikova (2000), provide evidence that divergent thinking engages both hemispheres of the brain, particularly the prefrontal and parietal regions associated with associative thinking and imagination. This dual activation suggests that divergent thinking draws upon both structured reasoning and imaginative synthesis. In educational settings, divergent thinking is encouraged through open-ended learning activities and creative tasks that promote curiosity and flexibility. For instance, Acar and Runco (2015) found that when students were asked to find multiple uses for an ordinary object—a classic divergent thinking task—their creative fluency and originality improved significantly. In business and design, divergent thinking plays a crucial role in innovation processes. In design thinking models, teams use divergent stages (e.g., brainstorming) to generate a wide range of ideas before employing convergent thinking to refine them (Goldschmidt, 2016). Such iterative cycles enable companies to innovate effectively while maintaining focus and feasibility. 3.0 Convergent Thinking While divergent thinking expands possibilities, convergent thinking works to narrow them down, identifying the most effective or practical solution. It involves logical reasoning, critical evaluation, and analytical judgment (Guilford, 1950). Convergent thinking is used when problems have a specific correct answer or when solutions must be evaluated against predefined criteria. According to Todd (2016), convergent thinking relies on structured problem-solving frameworks such as deductive reasoning or decision matrices, where various options are systematically assessed for validity. It is particularly important in scientific, engineering, and managerial contexts, where accuracy and efficiency are prioritised. Recent cognitive research by Acar and Runco (2019) and Hommel (2012) suggests that convergent thinking is not merely the opposite of creativity but an integral part of the creative process itself. Creative ideas produced during divergent thinking must be evaluated, selected, and refined through convergent reasoning to become practical innovations. This interplay ensures that creativity leads to actionable outcomes rather than abstract possibilities. For example, in the engineering design process, divergent thinking may be used to brainstorm numerous prototype ideas, while convergent thinking helps select the design that best meets performance and sustainability criteria (Hassan, 2018). Similarly, in healthcare innovation, convergent thinking helps refine patient care models derived from multiple creative proposals to ensure feasibility and safety. 4.0 Interrelationships Between Lateral, Divergent, and Convergent Thinking Although lateral, divergent, and convergent thinking differ in process and focus, they are interdependent components of effective problem-solving and creativity. De Bono (1970) argued that lateral thinking provides the “jump-start” that moves individuals beyond linear reasoning, while divergent thinking generates a spectrum of possibilities, and convergent thinking filters and applies these ideas systematically. In practice, these processes often occur simultaneously or sequentially rather than in isolation. Goldschmidt (2016) used linkographic analysis to demonstrate how designers alternate between divergent idea generation and convergent evaluation in creative tasks. Similarly, Javaid and Pandarakalam (2021) found that creativity involves a dynamic balance between the two modes—divergent expansion and convergent synthesis. Malthouse et al. (2022) further argue that exposure to randomness or ambiguity—often central to lateral thinking—can stimulate both divergent idea generation and convergent insight. This finding reinforces the view that innovation requires both exploration and refinement, facilitated by fluid transitions between these cognitive modes. Educational models such as the Creative Problem-Solving (CPS) framework integrate all three types of thinking. The CPS process involves divergent thinking to generate ideas, lateral thinking to challenge … Read more

Critical Thinking and Creativity: Differences and Similarities

by

In a rapidly evolving global environment characterised by complex challenges, critical thinking and creativity are increasingly recognised as essential competencies for success in academic, professional, and personal contexts. These cognitive processes enable individuals to solve problems, make decisions, and generate innovation in diverse settings (Facione, 2011). While the two concepts are distinct in focus and application, they are deeply interconnected and complementary. Critical thinking is primarily concerned with the evaluation of information and arguments, whereas creativity focuses on the generation of original and valuable ideas. Both, however, are indispensable for effective reasoning, innovation, and lifelong learning in the twenty-first century (Runco & Jaeger, 2012; Paul & Elder, 2001). 1.0 Understanding Critical Thinking Critical thinking can be defined as the intentional, reflective process of analysing information, assessing arguments, and forming reasoned judgments based on logic and evidence (Paul & Elder, 2001). It involves skills such as interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation (Facione, 2011). Through these abilities, critical thinkers challenge assumptions, recognise biases, and make well-founded decisions. According to Brookfield (2012), critical thinking is a process of questioning beliefs and actions to make informed choices. It requires individuals to move beyond surface-level understanding and examine the underlying rationale and evidence behind claims. In professional contexts, for instance, managers who employ critical thinking can evaluate strategic options more effectively, balancing risks with opportunities to enhance organisational performance. Furthermore, critical thinking is systematic—it depends on reasoning guided by intellectual standards such as clarity, accuracy, relevance, and fairness (Elder & Paul, 2020). It allows individuals to distinguish between fact and opinion and to make sound decisions even in the face of uncertainty. In an age dominated by digital information and misinformation, this skill is crucial for navigating complex data environments (Peterson, 2025). 2.0 Defining Creativity In contrast, creativity is often described as the capacity to produce ideas or products that are both novel and useful (Runco & Jaeger, 2012). Creativity involves imagination, intuition, and divergent thinking—the ability to explore multiple possible solutions rather than converging on a single correct answer. It encourages experimentation, openness to new experiences, and flexibility of thought (Puccio, Mance & Murdock, 2018). Guilford’s (1950) pioneering work on creativity introduced the concept of divergent thinking as a key component of creative thought. Divergent thinkers generate multiple perspectives and connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. Similarly, Amabile (1996) proposed that creativity is influenced by three interacting components: domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant processes, and intrinsic motivation. These dimensions help individuals transform knowledge and imagination into innovative outputs. For example, in the technology sector, creativity drives product innovation and differentiation. Companies such as Apple and Tesla exemplify how creative design thinking enables the translation of abstract ideas into practical solutions that transform industries (Huang, Zhong & Tang, 2025). In education, fostering creativity helps students approach problems through inquiry and curiosity, rather than rote learning (Siregar, 2025). 3.0 Differences between Critical Thinking and Creativity Although both skills contribute to cognitive excellence, their primary orientations differ. Critical thinking is evaluative, structured, and rule-governed, focusing on determining truth and reliability. It demands convergent reasoning, in which diverse information is synthesised into a logical conclusion (Paul & Elder, 2001). Conversely, creativity is exploratory, generative, and open-ended, emphasising originality and novelty rather than correctness (Runco & Jaeger, 2012). According to Anderson, Potočnik and Zhou (2014), critical thinking involves convergent processes that narrow possibilities to select the best answer, while creativity relies on divergent thinking to expand the range of potential ideas. Critical thinking answers the question “Is this valid?”, whereas creativity asks “What if?” (Brookfield, 2012). The former values rational analysis, and the latter values imaginative synthesis. This distinction is evident in decision-making contexts. A critical thinker evaluating a business proposal will focus on data, logic, and feasibility, ensuring that the decision is well justified. A creative thinker, on the other hand, will consider innovative approaches that might redefine the proposal’s objectives or identify untapped opportunities. The best leaders, therefore, are those who can integrate both—evaluating the viability of novel ideas through critical scrutiny (Facione, 2011). 4.0 Similarities between Critical Thinking and Creativity Despite their differences, critical thinking and creativity share significant common ground. Both are higher-order thinking processes that require reflection, flexibility, and metacognition—awareness of one’s thought processes (Sternberg, 2003). They rely on curiosity, open-mindedness, and the willingness to question conventional wisdom. Mumford et al. (2017) argue that both critical and creative thinking involve complex problem-solving, though they differ in emphasis: critical thinking evaluates, while creativity invents. Similarly, Vygotskian theories highlight that both processes are socially and contextually influenced—collaboration often stimulates critical dialogue and creative ideation (Petreshak, 2025). In practice, creative solutions often emerge from critical analysis, while critical assessment refines creative output. Bloom’s taxonomy also illustrates their interdependence: critical thinking aligns with evaluation and analysis, while creativity corresponds to synthesis and creation—the highest cognitive levels (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). Thus, rather than existing in opposition, they function as complementary aspects of effective reasoning. 5.0 The Interdependence of Critical and Creative Thinking In today’s knowledge economy, the integration of critical and creative thinking is vital for innovation and adaptability. Puccio, Mance and Murdock (2018) suggest that creativity provides the raw ideas that critical thinking filters and refines into practical solutions. Conversely, critical analysis can inspire creativity by exposing gaps, contradictions, and possibilities for improvement. Design thinking, widely used in business and education, exemplifies this synergy. It involves empathising, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing—a process that requires both critical assessment and creative ideation (Pachumwon, Jantakoon & Laoha, 2025). For instance, when developing new software, teams engage in creative brainstorming to generate innovative features, followed by critical evaluation to determine feasibility and user impact. In education, research shows that students who are trained in both critical and creative thinking exhibit greater problem-solving skills, innovation, and academic achievement (Viani & Firmansyah, 2025). Integrating both abilities into curricula helps students become adaptable thinkers capable of responding to complex real-world challenges. 6.0 Implications in Professional and Educational Contexts In professional environments, the combination of critical and creative thinking enhances strategic decision-making and innovation. … Read more

Strategic Thinking: Leading with Foresight

by

Strategic thinking is a cornerstone of effective leadership, enabling leaders to maintain a long-term perspective while addressing immediate organisational challenges. It involves analysing market trends, anticipating threats, and seizing opportunities in an ever-changing environment. As Johnson (2016) notes, strategic thinking is the process through which leaders envision and create a desired future for their organisation. This forward-looking mindset is not only analytical but also creative, involving the integration of insight, foresight, and systems thinking (Mintzberg et al., 2018). The Concept of Strategic Thinking According to Liedtka (1998), strategic thinking differs from strategic planning in that it emphasises intuition and synthesis over structured analysis. Strategic thinkers are not just planners; they are visionaries capable of understanding complex environments and aligning actions with long-term goals. Hughes and Beatty (2018) describe strategic thinking as a discipline of seeing the big picture, identifying patterns, and making connections between seemingly unrelated factors. In the leadership context, it requires a balance between rational analysis and creative problem-solving (Goldman & Casey, 2020). Core Components of Strategic Thinking Liedtka’s (1998) framework identifies five elements of strategic thinking: a systems perspective, intent-focused orientation, thinking in time, hypothesis-driven reasoning, and intelligent opportunism. These components enable leaders to act both decisively and flexibly in complex environments. Similarly, Mintzberg (1994) suggests that strategic thinking involves synthesis rather than analysis—a process that integrates experience, intuition, and imagination. A systems perspective allows leaders to see interconnections across the organisation, avoiding siloed decision-making. For example, Bezos’s early leadership at Amazon exemplified systems thinking: his decision to move beyond books into diverse product categories was not reactive but grounded in a comprehensive understanding of digital infrastructure and customer experience. This capacity to anticipate future trends and shape the marketplace rather than react to it is a hallmark of strategic leadership (Mutuma, Ouma & Kanyiri, 2025). Strategic Thinking and Visionary Leadership Strategic leaders possess vision—the ability to imagine a desirable future and inspire others to achieve it (Northouse, 2022). Visionary leadership translates strategic thinking into collective purpose. Jeff Bezos’s strategic foresight exemplifies this, as his early commitment to customer-centric innovation positioned Amazon as a leader in e-commerce and cloud computing (Stone, 2013). Similarly, Steve Jobs’s emphasis on design and user experience at Apple reflected a clear strategic vision that integrated creativity, technology, and simplicity. In contemporary settings, Rosa (2025) highlights how strategic thinking is critical in navigating the AI age, where leaders must integrate technological foresight into decision-making. Leaders must therefore possess both cognitive flexibility and ethical awareness to manage change effectively (Allen, Rorissa & Alemneh, 2025). Cognitive and Emotional Dimensions Recent research emphasises that strategic thinking is not purely cognitive but also emotional and social. Goleman (2013) argues that emotional intelligence (EI) enhances strategic thinking by enabling leaders to manage uncertainty, build trust, and maintain resilience. In a study by Virmani (2025), leaders who combined analytical acumen with empathy and adaptability achieved higher organisational performance. This finding aligns with Higgs and Rowland (2011), who propose that the most effective strategic leaders exhibit both strategic intelligence and emotional insight. Moreover, Bulkan and Higgs (2025) describe how changing organisational landscapes require leaders to adapt to complex, ambiguous environments where emotional intelligence and ethical reasoning become indispensable components of strategy. Developing Strategic Thinking Skills Developing strategic thinking requires continuous learning and reflective practice. Educational models such as design thinking have been proposed as tools to enhance strategic leadership capability (Traifeh, Meinel & Friedrichsen, 2025). Design thinking integrates empathy, ideation, and experimentation, promoting innovative problem-solving in leadership contexts (Kayyali, 2026). Training programmes that combine scenario planning, systems analysis, and creative problem-solving can foster strategic thinking skills among emerging leaders (Hughes & Beatty, 2018). For example, Celik and Keitsch (2025) highlight how social dreaming—a reflective process that links imagination and collective dialogue—can enhance leaders’ capacity for foresight and futures thinking. Similarly, John-Chukwu (2025) shows that product lifecycle thinking in financial decision-making encourages leaders to consider the long-term implications of short-term choices, a critical element of strategic foresight. Strategic Thinking in Practice: Examples and Case Studies Amazon’s growth under Jeff Bezos provides a vivid example of strategic thinking in action. Bezos envisioned a digital marketplace that would dominate global retail through customer obsession, technological innovation, and long-term investment (Stone, 2013). His decision to invest in Amazon Web Services (AWS) during the early 2000s, despite short-term losses, demonstrated a deep understanding of emerging digital trends and scalability. In contrast, Kodak’s decline exemplifies a lack of strategic thinking. Although Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975, its leadership failed to foresee the disruptive potential of digital photography, clinging instead to its profitable film business (Grant, 2016). This failure to adapt demonstrates the perils of short-term focus and an inability to challenge existing paradigms—issues that strategic thinking aims to mitigate. A modern illustration can be found in Microsoft’s transformation under Satya Nadella, who repositioned the company toward cloud computing and AI integration. Nadella’s emphasis on a growth mindset and organisational learning fostered a culture of strategic agility (Grant, 2021). This underscores how leaders who cultivate adaptive strategic thinking can guide their organisations through technological and cultural change. Barriers to Strategic Thinking Despite its importance, strategic thinking is often hindered by organisational constraints. Rigid hierarchies, short-term performance metrics, and risk aversion can stifle innovative and long-term thinking (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2017). Akhtar, Khan and Khan (2025) found that educational institutions with bureaucratic leadership structures struggled to implement strategic initiatives due to limited autonomy and vision alignment. Similarly, Dang (2025) notes that geopolitical and cultural barriers can restrict leaders’ strategic capacity in transnational collaborations. Encouraging cross-sectoral partnerships, soft power strategies, and collaborative learning can therefore strengthen global leadership effectiveness. The Future of Strategic Thinking in Leadership As the business landscape evolves, strategic thinking will increasingly rely on data analytics, AI-assisted decision-making, and cross-cultural collaboration (Allen et al., 2025). However, human creativity, ethics, and empathy remain irreplaceable. Future leaders must integrate technological acumen with moral responsibility to ensure sustainable organisational development (Jaber, 2025). Emerging models such as Systemic Design-Oriented Leadership (SDOL) promote holistic thinking by … Read more

About Us
Legal & Compliance