Mohammad T Islam (BSc, MBA, MEd)

Recruitment and Selection: Placing the Right People in the Right Role for Success

by

Recruitment and Selection: Placing the Right People in the Right Role for Success Recruitment and selection are fundamental components of human resource management (HRM), playing a vital role in ensuring organisations attract, assess, and appoint individuals who can contribute meaningfully to their objectives. Recruitment involves identifying the need for a new employee, advertising the role, and attracting candidates, while selection refers to the process of assessing candidates and making the final hiring decision. These HRM functions are crucial for organisational success, as they directly affect employee performance, engagement, and retention (Cascio and Aguinis, 2011). This article expands upon the importance, methods, and challenges of recruitment and selection, while exploring legal considerations, technological innovations, and the broader strategic implications for organisations. 1.0 The Importance of Effective Recruitment Effective recruitment goes beyond filling vacancies; it ensures that organisations bring in individuals whose skills, attitudes, and values align with strategic goals. As Armstrong and Taylor (2020) note, poor recruitment decisions can be costly, leading to high turnover, reduced productivity, and damage to organisational culture. Conversely, well-designed recruitment processes improve employee satisfaction and reduce attrition, thereby strengthening organisational performance. The importance of effective recruitment is underscored by the concept of person–organisation fit. Kristof-Brown (1996) suggests that when employees’ values align with the organisation’s culture, they are more likely to exhibit commitment and engagement. Furthermore, a study by Chapman and Webster (2003) found that candidates’ perceptions of fairness in recruitment significantly affect their decision to accept job offers, making the candidate experience a crucial dimension of recruitment strategy. Recruitment methods vary depending on the role, industry, and organisational context. Common methods include online job postings, headhunting, internal promotions, referrals, and recruitment agencies. According to Taylor (2014), sourcing candidates from a diverse range of channels increases the chance of finding high-quality talent. Moreover, engaging in employer branding—projecting the organisation as an attractive place to work—has become increasingly important in the global competition for skilled professionals (Backhaus and Tikoo, 2004). 2.0 Selection: The Next Critical Step Once candidates are attracted, the selection process identifies the most suitable applicant for the role. Selection should be both rigorous and fair, ensuring that decisions are valid predictors of job performance while safeguarding against bias. Selection methods include interviews, psychometric tests, assessment centres, work samples, and reference checks. Ployhart and Schmitt (2006) argue that robust selection methods not only enhance the quality of hires but also reinforce the organisation’s reputation for fairness. Among these, structured interviews—which involve predetermined, standardised questions—are regarded as more reliable and valid than unstructured ones, as they minimise subjectivity (Levashina et al., 2014). Similarly, psychometric testing provides valuable insights into candidates’ cognitive abilities, personality traits, and emotional intelligence, which are critical for long-term success (Schmidt and Hunter, 1998). Assessment centres are particularly valuable for leadership roles, as they simulate real workplace scenarios, offering a comprehensive evaluation of candidates’ skills and behaviours (Thornton and Rupp, 2006). While resource-intensive, they have been shown to enhance predictive validity and reduce the risk of poor selection outcomes. 3.0 Legal and Ethical Considerations in Recruitment and Selection Legal compliance in recruitment and selection is vital to ensure fairness and prevent discrimination. In the UK, the Equality Act 2010 prohibits unfair treatment based on characteristics such as age, gender, race, disability, and religion. Failure to comply can result in legal action, financial penalties, and reputational damage (Bratton and Gold, 2017). For instance, cases of unconscious bias in hiring can inadvertently lead to discrimination if recruiters are not properly trained. Ethical recruitment requires transparency, consistency, and respect throughout the process. Brewster et al. (2016) argue that treating candidates fairly—through clear communication, timely feedback, and honest expectations—enhances the employer’s reputation, even among unsuccessful applicants. The concept of procedural justice is relevant here: when candidates perceive recruitment procedures as fair, they are more likely to accept job offers and hold positive views of the employer (Gilliland, 1993). Thus, ethical and legal considerations are not just compliance issues but strategic levers for building trust and reputation. 4.0 Technological Advancements in Recruitment and Selection Technological innovation has transformed how organisations recruit and select talent. The adoption of online job platforms, applicant tracking systems (ATS), artificial intelligence (AI), and video interviews has revolutionised efficiency and accessibility. Anderson (2018) notes that ATS help organisations manage large application volumes, ensuring no candidate is overlooked. AI-driven tools are now capable of screening CVs, scoring candidates, and even conducting initial interviews via chatbots, saving significant recruiter time. Additionally, video interviews and gamified assessments provide innovative ways of engaging with candidates while assessing competencies. However, these advancements are not without challenges. Critics warn that algorithmic bias may perpetuate inequalities if AI systems are trained on biased historical data (Raghavan et al., 2020). For instance, Amazon’s AI hiring tool was discontinued after it was found to disadvantage female candidates in technical roles (Dastin, 2018). As such, organisations must monitor and audit AI systems to ensure fairness and diversity. The rise of social media recruitment also reflects the digital shift. Platforms such as LinkedIn allow recruiters to target passive candidates, but they also raise privacy concerns and risk blurring personal and professional boundaries (Nikolaou, 2014). Balancing efficiency with ethical use of technology remains a central challenge in modern recruitment. 5.0 Strategic Implications of Recruitment and Selection Recruitment and selection are not isolated HR functions but strategic enablers of organisational success. According to Boxall and Purcell (2016), acquiring and retaining the right talent is essential for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. This aligns with the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm, which emphasises that employees’ skills and knowledge are valuable, rare, and difficult to imitate, making them a source of long-term organisational advantage (Barney, 1991). Strategic recruitment also plays a role in promoting diversity and inclusion. Diverse workforces have been shown to improve innovation, decision-making, and organisational performance (Shen et al., 2009). Therefore, recruitment strategies must not only focus on skills but also on building inclusive environments that attract talent from varied backgrounds. Furthermore, recruitment and selection have implications for employer branding and corporate social responsibility (CSR). … Read more

Want to Skyrocket Your Career? First, You Need to Accept These 12 Brutal Truths

by

In the journey towards career success, certain harsh realities must be embraced. These truths, though difficult to accept, are crucial for anyone looking to thrive in the competitive professional landscape. To achieve career growth, one must not only acknowledge these realities but also use them as fuel to drive personal and professional development. 1.0 No One Owes You Anything A fundamental truth is that no one is obligated to provide you with opportunities or success. Whether in the workplace or life in general, your progress is your own responsibility. While support from mentors or colleagues can be valuable, it is ultimately up to you to seek out opportunities, take initiative, and work hard to achieve your goals (Robbins, 2018). “Personal responsibility is the key to success in any field” (Covey, 2020). Therefore, taking ownership of your career path is the first step towards a successful future. 2.0 Your Degree Doesn’t Mean Much In today’s job market, a degree is often a basic requirement rather than a guarantee of success. Employers are more interested in practical experience, transferable skills, and tangible results than a piece of paper. “Real-world experience often trumps academic qualifications” (Smith, 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to start gaining hands-on experience as soon as possible. Internships, volunteering, or freelance work can often provide the necessary skills that formal education may not. 3.0 Your Job is Replaceable The world of work is evolving rapidly, with automation, outsourcing, and technological advancements constantly shifting the landscape (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). As a result, no job is entirely secure. To remain indispensable, one must continuously improve their skills and stay updated with industry trends. Being adaptable and constantly learning new skills can help safeguard your career (Brown, 2019). 4.0 Your Boss Doesn’t Care About Your Career Another tough truth is that your boss’s primary focus is the success of their business, not your personal career growth (Drucker, 1999). While good leaders may provide guidance, you must take responsibility for your career advancement. This means setting personal goals, seeking out learning opportunities, and developing a career strategy that aligns with your long-term aspirations. 5.0 Success Takes Time There are no shortcuts to success. Behind every seemingly overnight success story lies years of consistent effort, setbacks, and perseverance (Gladwell, 2008). To achieve meaningful success, one must be prepared for the long haul, exercising patience and persistence. 6.0 You Will Fail Failure is not only inevitable but also an essential part of growth. Every successful individual has faced setbacks along the way. The key is to view failure as an opportunity for learning and improvement rather than a roadblock (Dweck, 2006). Embracing failure allows you to adapt, grow, and ultimately succeed. 7.0 You Are Not Special While you may possess unique talents and skills, so do millions of others around the world. The competition is fierce, and standing out requires not only talent but also hard work, creativity, and innovation (Gladwell, 2008). To differentiate yourself, you must continuously strive to excel. 8.0 You Must Promote Yourself No one will advocate for your achievements and skills better than you. It is essential to learn the art of self-promotion, especially in today’s competitive job market. “Building a personal brand and effectively communicating your value to others can open doors to new opportunities” (Peters, 1997). Be proactive in showcasing your successes, whether through networking, social media, or direct communication with potential employers. 9.0 Networking is Essential In most industries, success is as much about who you know as what you know. Networking allows you to build relationships, exchange ideas, and access opportunities that may not be publicly available (Granovetter, 1973). Cultivating genuine, mutually beneficial connections can significantly boost your career prospects. 10.0 You Must Continuously Learn The world is changing at a rapid pace, and industries are constantly evolving. To stay relevant and competitive, you must commit to lifelong learning (Senge, 1990). This can involve formal education, professional development courses, or simply staying informed about the latest trends in your field. 11.0 Your Attitude Determines Your Success A positive, growth-oriented attitude is critical to achieving success. Maintaining focus, resilience, and a can-do mindset, even in the face of adversity, is what often separates those who succeed from those who don’t (Dweck, 2006). Your attitude shapes your actions, and your actions determine your outcomes. 12.0 You Must Take Risks Career growth requires stepping outside of your comfort zone and taking calculated risks (Knight, 1921). Whether it’s changing careers, taking on new responsibilities, or starting a business, risk-taking is often necessary for achieving substantial progress. Embrace uncertainty and use it as a tool for growth. To skyrocket your career, it’s crucial to accept these 12 brutal truths. By acknowledging them, you can shape a mindset that drives consistent growth, resilience, and adaptability. Success is not guaranteed, but with the right approach, you can greatly increase your chances of reaching your career goals. References Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Brown, T. (2019) “Staying Relevant in a Rapidly Changing World of Work”, Harvard Business Review. 97(3), pp. 101-109. Covey, S. (2020) The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. New York: Simon & Schuster. Drucker, P. (1999) Management Challenges for the 21st Century. New York: Harper Business. Dweck, C. (2006) Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House. Gladwell, M. (2008) Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Granovetter, M. (1973) “The Strength of Weak Ties”. American Journal of Sociology. 78(6), pp. 1360–1380. Knight, F.H. (1921) Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Peters, T. (1997) “The Brand Called You”. Fast Company. Issue 10, pp. 83-90. Robbins, T. (2018) Unshakeable: Your Financial Freedom Playbook. London: Simon & Schuster. Senge, P. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization. New York: Currency Doubleday. Smith, J. (2021) “Why Practical Experience Beats Academic Credentials”. The Guardian. [Online]. Available at: www.theguardian.com/careers/practical-experience-vs-credentials. [Accessed on 11 February 2024].

International Literacy Day: A Global Call to Action for Education

by

International Literacy Day, celebrated annually on 8th September, was established by UNESCO in 1967 to raise awareness about the importance of literacy as a matter of dignity and human rights. Literacy is not merely about reading and writing; it is a fundamental skill that empowers individuals to achieve personal and societal progress. In today’s fast-changing world, literacy is essential for engaging in the global economy, reducing poverty, and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all. 1.0 The Importance of Literacy in Society Literacy serves as the foundation for lifelong learning and is integral to the development of society. As noted by Freire (1972), literacy is not just about learning words but understanding and shaping one’s reality. In a knowledge-based economy, literacy has become crucial for personal empowerment and participation in the social, economic, and political spheres (UNESCO, 2017). A literate population is better equipped to face the challenges of a globalised world, where communication and access to information are key to success. According to the World Bank (2019), literacy directly impacts employment opportunities, economic growth, and poverty reduction. Literate individuals are more likely to find jobs, understand health information, and participate in the political process. The ability to read and write empowers individuals to make informed decisions, access legal rights, and understand their role in society. This is particularly relevant in developing countries, where literacy can break the cycle of poverty and promote gender equality (Jones & Thomas, 2020). 2.0 The Global Literacy Crisis Despite the critical role that literacy plays, millions of people worldwide still lack basic reading and writing skills. According to UNESCO (2021), approximately 773 million adults globally remain illiterate, two-thirds of whom are women. This gender gap highlights the intersection of literacy with broader social issues, such as gender inequality and discrimination. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the global literacy crisis. School closures and limited access to remote learning resources caused significant disruptions in education, especially in low-income countries. UNICEF (2021) reported that at least 463 million children worldwide could not access remote learning during the pandemic, putting them at risk of falling behind in literacy skills. In addition to these structural challenges, digital literacy has become increasingly important in today’s world. The rise of technology and the internet has transformed literacy beyond the traditional ability to read and write, expanding it to include navigating digital platforms and critically assessing online information (Livingstone, 2019). Therefore, literacy initiatives must now consider both traditional and digital literacy to meet the needs of the 21st century. 3.0 Literacy as a Human Right Literacy is not just an educational issue; it is a fundamental human right. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) asserts the right to education for all individuals. This right is further enshrined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4), which aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” by 2030 (UN, 2015). International Literacy Day serves as a reminder of the international community’s commitment to SDG4 and the ongoing efforts to ensure that literacy becomes a reality for all. Governments, non-governmental organisations, and civil society groups worldwide are working to implement literacy programmes that focus on marginalised and vulnerable groups, such as women, refugees, and indigenous populations (World Literacy Foundation, 2021). 4.0 Efforts to Improve Literacy Various initiatives have been undertaken globally to address literacy challenges. For instance, UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report (2021) provides data and insights on literacy trends, emphasising the importance of equitable access to quality education. Moreover, programmes like “Education for All” aim to improve access to basic education, especially in underprivileged regions (UNESCO, 2021). At a national level, countries have implemented policies to improve literacy rates by making primary education compulsory, investing in teacher training, and providing learning resources in local languages. For example, in India, the National Literacy Mission Authority has focused on adult education and skill development to reduce illiteracy rates among rural populations (Ministry of Education, India, 2020). Similarly, the UK’s National Literacy Trust works to improve literacy skills among disadvantaged communities through targeted interventions (National Literacy Trust, 2021). International Literacy Day highlights the pivotal role of literacy in personal and societal development. While significant progress has been made in recent decades, millions of people, particularly women and marginalised groups, continue to face barriers to literacy. Governments, organisations, and educators must work together to address these challenges by promoting inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all. Literacy is a critical tool for social empowerment, economic development, and the achievement of global human rights. References Freire, P. (1972) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Penguin Books. Jones, T. & Thomas, H. (2020) “Literacy, Poverty, and Development: A Global Perspective”. Journal of Education and Development. 45(2), pp. 123-136. Livingstone, S. (2019) “The Changing Nature of Literacy in the Digital Age”. Journal of Media Literacy Education. 11(1), pp. 1-10. Ministry of Education, India (2020) National Literacy Mission Authority: An Overview. [Online]. Available at: https://www.education.gov.in/nlma. [Accessed on 8 September 2024]. National Literacy Trust (2021) “Our Mission and Impact”. [Online]. Available at: https://literacytrust.org.uk/about-us/our-mission. [Accessed on 8 September 2024]. UNESCO (2017) Reading the Past, Writing the Future: Fifty Years of Promoting Literacy. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. UNESCO (2021) Global Education Monitoring Report 2021. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. UNICEF (2021) “COVID-19 and School Closures: One Year of Education Disruption”. [Online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/reports/covid-19-and-school-closures. [Accessed on 8 September 2024]. World Bank (2019) “Education and Literacy Statistics”. [Online]. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education. [Accessed on 8 September 2024]. World Literacy Foundation (2021) “Global Literacy Statistics”. [Online]. Available at: https://www.worldliteracyfoundation.org. [Accessed on 8 September 2024].

How to Unlock Happiness Chemicals

by

The concept of happiness has been a central theme in psychology and neuroscience, often discussed in terms of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers in the brain. These neurotransmitters regulate mood, motivation, pleasure, and social bonding. Among the most significant of these are endorphins, dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin, each playing a distinct role in human emotional well-being. This article explores how these chemicals influence happiness and how we can activate them through everyday activities and natural supplements. 1.0 Endorphins: The Body’s Natural Painkillers Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers, often released during periods of physical stress or discomfort, such as exercise or laughter. Endorphins act similarly to opiates, helping to reduce pain and produce feelings of pleasure (Schultheiss & Wirth, 2020). They are particularly important in the “runner’s high” experienced during prolonged periods of physical exertion. To access endorphins, regular exercise and activities that provoke laughter can be highly effective. Laughter has been shown to increase the release of endorphins, contributing to a greater sense of overall well-being (Dunbar, 2012). Herbal supplements like Rhodiola, Ashwagandha, and Turmeric are also considered natural boosters for endorphin production (Singh et al., 2011). 2.0 Dopamine: The Motivation Molecule Dopamine is a critical player in the brain’s reward system. It is closely linked to motivation, pleasure, and learning. Dopamine levels rise when we achieve goals or experience something enjoyable, such as listening to music (Wise & Robble, 2020). A well-balanced dopamine system can lead to feelings of satisfaction and enhanced focus, making it easier to pursue long-term goals. Activities such as achieving small daily tasks, setting and completing goals, and enjoying music have been shown to increase dopamine levels (Schultz, 2016). Herbal supplements such as Mucuna Pruriens and Ginkgo Biloba are commonly used to support dopamine production (López et al., 2013). 3.0 Serotonin: The Mood Stabiliser Serotonin is often called the mood stabiliser, as it contributes to well-being, joy, and a sense of inner peace. It regulates various physiological functions, including mood, appetite, and sleep. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression and anxiety (Young, 2007). Serotonin’s role in maintaining a balanced emotional state is so significant that many antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are designed to increase serotonin levels. There are natural ways to boost serotonin production, including exposure to sunlight, mindfulness practices, and meditation (Young & Leyton, 2002). Spending time outdoors, particularly in sunlight, encourages serotonin synthesis due to the influence of ultraviolet light on the skin (Lambert et al., 2002). St. John’s Wort and Saffron are among the herbal supplements widely recognised for their ability to enhance serotonin levels (Akhondzadeh et al., 2004). 4.0 Oxytocin: The Love Hormone Oxytocin, commonly referred to as the “love hormone”, plays a pivotal role in social bonding and emotional intimacy. It is released in response to physical touch, such as hugging or holding hands, and during acts of kindness. This hormone fosters feelings of connection and trust, making it essential for healthy relationships and social interactions (Carter, 2014). Engaging in physical touch and expressing kindness towards others are powerful ways to stimulate the release of oxytocin. Oxytocin not only strengthens interpersonal bonds but also reduces stress and promotes overall well-being (Feldman, 2012). Herbal supplements like Damiana and Rose are believed to support oxytocin release and have long been used in traditional medicine to enhance emotional connectivity (Hoffman, 2003). Understanding how the brain’s happiness chemical’s function can provide valuable insights into how we can naturally enhance our well-being. Endorphins, dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin each play unique roles in regulating mood, motivation, and social bonds. By engaging in activities that stimulate these neurotransmitters—such as exercise, goal setting, mindfulness, and acts of kindness—we can take control of our emotional health and happiness. Moreover, certain herbal supplements may support the production and effectiveness of these chemicals, offering a holistic approach to mental wellness. References: Akhondzadeh, S., Tahmacebi-Pour, N., Noorbala, A.A., Amini, H., Fallah-Pour, H., Jamshidi, A.H. and Khani, M. (2004) “The Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomised and Placebo-Controlled Trial”. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 19(2), pp.148-151. Carter, C.S. (2014) “Oxytocin Pathways and the Evolution of Human Behavior”. Annual Review of Psychology. 65, pp.17-39. Dunbar, R.I. (2012) “Bridging the Bonding Gap: The Transition from Primates to Humans”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367(1597), pp.1837-1846. Feldman, R. (2012) “Oxytocin and Social Affiliation in Humans”. Hormones and Behavior. 61(3), pp.380-391. Hoffman, D.L. (2003) Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Bear & Co. Lambert, G.W., Reid, C., Kaye, D.M., Jennings, G.L. and Esler, M.D. (2002) “Effect of Sunlight and Season on Serotonin Turnover in The Brain”. The Lancet. 360(9348), pp.1840-1842. López, V., Martos, N., Nogués, M.R., Ferrando, M.D. and Gómez, M. (2013) “Acute and Subacute Toxicity Evaluation of a Mucuna Pruriens (L.) DC Seed Extract”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 147(2), pp.453-460. Schultheiss, O.C. and Wirth, M.M. (2020) Endorphins and the mood-motivation continuum. In The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions (pp. 55-71). Cambridge University Press. Schultz, W. (2016) “Dopamine Reward Prediction Error Coding”. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 18(1), p.23. Singh, R., Chander, V. and Chopra, B. (2011) “Rhodiola: Evaluation of Natural Adaptogen for Stress-Induced Cytoprotective Function”. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 1(1), pp.101-108. Wise, R.A. and Robble, M.A. (2020) “Dopamine and Addiction”. Annual Review of Psychology. 71, pp.79-106. Young, S.N. (2007) “How to Increase Serotonin in the Human Brain Without Drugs”. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 32(6), p.394. Young, S.N. and Leyton, M. (2002) “The Role of Serotonin in Human Mood and Social Interaction”. Insights from altered tryptophan levels. 10(5), pp.474-486.

Stopping Overthinking and Going with the Flow: A Path to Happiness

by

Overthinking is a mental habit that many individuals fall into, often unknowingly. It involves analysing situations excessively, ruminating on negative thoughts, and predicting every possible outcome. While it is natural to reflect on past events or plan for the future, overthinking can lead to stress, anxiety, and, in some cases, depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). Learning to “go with the flow” is a vital way to counteract overthinking and achieve a more fulfilling and happier life. This article explores the impact of overthinking on mental well-being, the benefits of embracing spontaneity, and practical strategies to stop overthinking. The Problem with Overthinking Overthinking is detrimental to both mental and emotional health. When individuals overthink, they often become trapped in a cycle of negative thinking, where every situation is scrutinised, and the mind fixates on potential problems rather than solutions. According to Nolen-Hoeksema (2000), overthinking tends to intensify feelings of worry and anxiety because it fosters a mindset where individuals feel stuck or unable to move forward. Over time, this can lead to decision paralysis, where people struggle to make even the simplest decisions due to fear of making the wrong choice (Lyubomirsky, 2008). Moreover, overthinking has been linked to a range of mental health issues, including anxiety and depression. By constantly ruminating on problems or negative emotions, overthinkers exacerbate their stress levels, often to the point where they feel overwhelmed. Research shows that chronic overthinking can trigger a cycle where negative thoughts lead to low moods, and those low moods further fuel negative thinking (Watkins, 2008). This creates a harmful loop that prevents individuals from living in the present or appreciating the positives in their lives. Going with the Flow: A Path to Happiness In contrast to overthinking, going with the flow promotes a sense of ease and contentment. The concept of “flow” was popularised by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who described it as a state of complete immersion in an activity, where time seems to slip away, and the individual is fully engaged in the present moment (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). Embracing this state of flow can help individuals stop overthinking and allow themselves to be more present and open to new experiences. When people learn to let go of their need for control and perfection, they experience a greater sense of freedom and spontaneity. Going with the flow enables them to accept that not everything can be planned or predicted, reducing anxiety about the future. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) argued that individuals who regularly enter a state of flow tend to report higher levels of happiness and satisfaction because they are more likely to engage in activities that bring them joy and fulfillment. By focusing on the present and embracing uncertainty, individuals become less preoccupied with outcomes and more focused on enjoying the journey. Practical Strategies to Stop Overthinking Stopping overthinking requires a conscious effort to rewire one’s mindset. Here are several practical strategies that can help: 1.0 Mindfulness Meditation: Mindfulness involves bringing one’s awareness to the present moment without judgment. According to Kabat-Zinn (2003), mindfulness meditation can help reduce the tendency to overthink by encouraging individuals to observe their thoughts without getting caught up in them. Through regular mindfulness practice, individuals can become more aware of when they are overthinking and learn to redirect their focus back to the present. 2.0 Set Time Limits for Decisions: One way to combat decision paralysis is to set a time limit for making decisions. Rather than spending hours or days mulling over a choice, setting a deadline forces the individual to make a decision and move on. Research shows that imposing time constraints can reduce overthinking and help individuals trust their instincts (Schwartz, 2004). 3.0 Reframe Negative Thoughts: Overthinking often stems from a negative mindset where individuals focus on what could go wrong. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques can help reframe these negative thoughts into more balanced and constructive ones. According to Beck (2011), challenging irrational thoughts and replacing them with more realistic perspectives can reduce overthinking and improve emotional well-being. 4.0 Engage in Activities That Promote Flow: Engaging in activities that absorb one’s attention, such as sports, art, or even reading, can help individuals enter a state of flow. By focusing on an activity they enjoy, overthinkers can redirect their energy away from worrying and towards something more fulfilling (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). Overthinking is a common habit that can significantly affect mental well-being. However, by embracing the concept of going with the flow, individuals can learn to let go of their need for control, reduce anxiety, and live more fulfilling lives. Through mindfulness, decision-making strategies, reframing negative thoughts, and engaging in flow-inducing activities, individuals can stop overthinking and experience greater happiness. By focusing on the present and trusting the process of life, people can free themselves from the mental traps of overthinking and enjoy a more spontaneous, joyful existence. References: Beck, A.T. (2011) Cognitive Therapy of Depression. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990) Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) “Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future”. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 10(2), pp.144-156. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) The How of Happiness: A Practical Guide to Getting the Life You Want. London: Piatkus. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) “The Role of Rumination in Depressive Disorders and Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109(3), pp.504-511. Schwartz, B. (2004) The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less. New York: HarperCollins. Watkins, E. (2008) “Constructive and Unconstructive Repetitive Thought”. Psychological Bulletin. 134(2), pp.163-206.

Jerk Chicken: Places to Eat the Caribbean Culinary Masterpiece in London

by

Jerk chicken is a beloved dish rooted in the cultural heritage of Jamaica and the broader Caribbean region. The term “jerk” refers to a method of seasoning and cooking meat that dates back to the indigenous Taíno people of the Caribbean, later refined by African slaves brought to the region. The cooking technique has not only become a symbol of Caribbean identity but also a global culinary sensation. In London, jerk chicken is more than just food; it is a connection to the rich traditions of the Caribbean diaspora. 1.0 What Makes Jerk Chicken Special? 1.1 Traditional Flavours and Ingredients The cornerstone of jerk chicken is the unique blend of spices, commonly known as jerk seasoning. Central to this seasoning are allspice (also called pimento), Scotch bonnet peppers, thyme, and garlic, along with other herbs and spices that vary according to personal or regional preferences. These ingredients form the heart of jerk chicken’s signature bold, fiery, and aromatic flavour. The Scotch bonnet pepper is particularly significant, offering a distinctive heat and fruity undertone that is essential to authentic jerk chicken. Allspice, on the other hand, adds a depth of flavour reminiscent of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. These elements, combined with the smoky aroma of grilling over pimento wood or charcoal, create a complex and tantalising flavour profile. 1.2 Cooking Method The traditional method of cooking jerk chicken involves slow-cooking the meat over a fire made from pimento wood, which imparts a rich, smoky flavour to the chicken. However, due to the scarcity of pimento wood outside Jamaica, many chefs and home cooks now use grills or ovens to replicate the authentic flavour. The key to the cooking process is maintaining a low and steady temperature, allowing the meat to absorb the spices while the exterior forms a charred, crispy crust. This combination of intense heat and slow cooking ensures that jerk chicken is both tender and full of robust flavour. The charred skin, infused with the smoky essence, contrasts perfectly with the moist and succulent meat inside. 2.0 The Cultural Significance of Jerk Chicken Jerk chicken is more than just a popular dish; it is a cultural symbol of resilience, innovation, and identity. Historically, jerk cooking was developed as a method of food preservation. The Maroons, runaway African slaves who settled in the mountains of Jamaica, adapted the Taíno’s smoking techniques to preserve meat as they evaded colonial forces. Over time, this cooking method evolved into a hallmark of Jamaican cuisine. In the Caribbean diaspora, particularly in London, jerk chicken represents a connection to ancestral roots and heritage. For many, it is a reminder of home and a source of comfort. The popularity of jerk chicken in London is a testament to the vibrancy of the Caribbean community in the UK and its influence on British food culture. 3.0 The Best Places to Eat Jerk Chicken in London London boasts a diverse array of Caribbean eateries, making it one of the best cities outside the Caribbean to enjoy authentic jerk chicken. Here are some top spots to try: 3.1 Rudie’s Jerk Shack Located in various locations across London, including Borough Market, Rudie’s Jerk Shack offers a modern twist on traditional jerk cooking. They focus on slow-cooked, wood-fired jerk chicken, staying true to the traditional method but with a contemporary presentation. Their jerk chicken is perfectly charred, tender, and bursting with the vibrant flavours of the Caribbean. 3.2 Brixton Village Market Brixton is known for its vibrant Caribbean community, and Brixton Village Market is home to several jerk chicken vendors. Fish, Wings & Tings is one such spot, serving up authentic jerk chicken with a side of reggae music and lively Caribbean atmosphere. 3.3 Cottons With locations in Notting Hill, Shoreditch, and Camden, Cottons is a well-established Caribbean restaurant that has been serving jerk chicken since 1985. Known for its relaxed vibe and extensive rum selection, Cottons offers a high-quality jerk chicken that remains faithful to its Jamaican roots. 3.4 The Rum Kitchen Situated in Carnaby Street and Brixton, The Rum Kitchen is a vibrant restaurant that offers jerk chicken with a modern twist. Their take on jerk chicken is slightly more refined but does not compromise on the smoky, spicy flavours that make the dish so beloved. 3.5 Mama’s Jerk Mama’s Jerk, found in the heart of Hackney, is another highly regarded spot for jerk chicken. Known for their street food stalls, they offer a more casual dining experience, focusing on serving authentic jerk chicken in wraps or boxes, perfect for a quick but satisfying bite. Jerk chicken is more than a dish; it is a celebration of Caribbean culture, history, and resilience. Its unique blend of spices, combined with traditional cooking methods, make it a truly special culinary experience. London’s Caribbean eateries offer some of the best jerk chicken outside Jamaica, each adding its unique twist while honouring the dish’s rich heritage. Whether enjoyed in a fine dining restaurant or as street food, jerk chicken in London provides a delicious connection to the Caribbean and a taste of home for many in the diaspora. Bibliography: Journal of Caribbean Studies (2010) “The Evolution of Jerk Cooking in Caribbean Cuisine”. Journal of Caribbean Studies. 25(3), pp.45-56. Willinsky, H. (2007) Jerk from Jamaica: Barbecue Caribbean Style. 1st ed. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.

Research Proposal: Guideline and Structure of an Ideal Research Proposal

by

A well-structured research proposal is crucial to outlining your research aim, objectives, methods, and methodologies. Follow the guideline below to structure your research proposal effectively, ensuring each section is detailed and clear. First Page: Cover Page The cover page of your research proposal should include the following details: Institution Name The name of the university or academic institution you are enrolled in. Programme Name The specific programme or course for which the proposal is being submitted. Module/Unit Code and Name The specific module or unit the proposal is related to (e.g., BMP6005 Research Methods). Title of the Research Topic Provide the tentative title of your research proposal. It should be concise and reflect the research focus. Learner Name Your full name as the learner/researcher. Date The submission date of the proposal. Second Page: Table of Contents The table of contents should include page numbers for all chapters and sub-sections of the proposal. An example is provided below: Chapter/Section Page Number(s) Chapter 1: Introduction 1 – 4 1.1 Background to Research Topic 1 1.2 Background to Research Organisation 2 1.4 Research Aim 3 1.5 Research Objectives 4 Chapter 2: Research Methodology 5 – 12 2.1 Research Philosophy/Paradigm 5 2.2 Research Design 6 2.3 Research Approach 7 2.4 Research Method/Strategy 8 2.5 Research Methodology 9 2.6 Research Technique/Tool 10 2.7 Sampling Approach 11 2.8 Ethical Considerations 12 Chapter 3: Literature Review 13 Chapter 4: Timescale 15 References 17 Third Page Onward: Now cover each item precisely from the table of contents. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background to Research Topic Provide a clear description of the topic. Explain its importance, relevance, and any key issues or trends that make it worth investigating. 1.2 Background to Research Organisation If your research focuses on a specific organisation, briefly introduce the organisation here. Incilude its key characteristics and why it is relevant to the study. 1.3 Research Aim State the overall aim of your research in one or two sentences. This is the broad goal that your study seeks to achieve. 1.4 Research Objectives List specific, measurable objectives that will guide your research towards achieving the research aim. These objectives should be concise and outline the steps you will take. Chapter 2: Research Methodology 2.1 Research Philosophy/Paradigm Choose between Positivism or Interpretivism: Positivism focuses on objective, measurable data (common in quantitative research). Interpretivism is concerned with understanding subjective experiences (common in qualitative research). 2.2 Research Design Choose between Explanatory or Exploratory: Explanatory design tests theories or relationships between variables. Exploratory design is used when the problem is not well-defined, allowing for more flexible investigation. 2.3 Research Approach Choose between Deductive or Inductive: Deductive approach tests existing theories by applying them to data. Inductive approach develops new theories based on data collection and analysis. 2.4 Research Method/ Strategy Choose between Surveys or Grounded Theory: Surveys collect quantitative data from large populations through questionnaires, offering broad insights into trends and patterns. Grounded Theory is a qualitative methodology that develops theories inductively from systematically gathered data. Will your study involve a case study method within surveys or grounded theory, and why is it suitable? 2.5 Research Methodology Choose between Quantitative or Qualitative: Quantitative research involves numerical data and statistical analysis. Qualitative research involves non-numerical data and is often used to understand experiences or opinions. 2.6 Research Technique/Tool Specify the data collection technique you will use: Questionnaires are used for collecting quantitative data from a large number of respondents. Interviews provide in-depth qualitative datafrom individuals, allowing for exploration of complex issues. Explain why your chosen method is appropriate for your research. 2.7 Sampling Approach Choose between Probability or Non-probability sampling: Probability sampling uses random selection, giving each participant an equal chance of being chosen. Non-probability sampling selects participants based on specific criteria. Explain your sampling method, the sample size, and why it is appropriate for your study. 2.8 Ethical Considerations Identify key ethical issues, such as consent, confidentiality, and data protection. Explain how these issues will be addressed to ensure the ethical conduct of your research. Chapter 3: Literature Review While a full literature review is not required for the proposal, this section should identify key sources that will be reviewed in the dissertation. Some institutions may require a small literature review (500–1000 words) in the proposal itself. If required, outline the key theories, concepts, and sources you intend to review, and discuss their relevance to your research. Chapter 4: Timescale/ Timeframe/ Timeline Create a timescale outlining the key stages of your research from start to completion. Be realistic with deadlines and include milestones such as: Task Timescale Initial Research and Writing Introduction Chapter Weeks 1-3 Literature Review Weeks 4-6 Data Collection Weeks 7-9 Data Analysis Weeks 10-11 Final Draft Writing Weeks 12-14 Final Submission Week 15 This will provide a clear view of how you plan to manage your time and resources during the research process. References Include a reference list with all sources cited in your proposal. Ensure that the list follows a consistent citation & reference style, such as, Harvard depending on your institution’s requirements. Cite and refer to textbooks, journal articles, and reputable websites where relevant. By following this structure, you can develop a well-organised and effective research proposal. Be sure to tailor each section to the specifics of your research topic and methodology and consult with your supervisor to ensure you meet all institutional requirements. Top Tips: The table below provides a clear and concise reference for how the methodology aligns with the philosophical and design choices for the study: Research Philosophy Research Design Research Approach Research Method/ Strategy Research Methodology Data Collection Technique Positivism Explanatory Deductive Surveys Quantitative Questionnaires Interpretivism Exploratory Inductive Grounded Theory Qualitative Interviews

Narrowing Research Topic: Identifying Where Your Idea Belongs Using Area-Field-Aspect Approach

by

The process of developing a research topic often begins with an initial idea that is vague or underdeveloped. As the researcher moves forward, it becomes necessary to define the research’s focus, objectives, and scope more precisely. To do so, the area-field-aspect approach, as suggested by Jankowicz (1991), offers a valuable framework for positioning one’s research within the broader body of knowledge. This framework enables researchers to think through their topics systematically by identifying the disciplines (area), sub-disciplines (field), and related concepts (aspects) that shape their study and help narrowing research topic. The Importance of Structuring IdeasThe area-field-aspect approach is particularly beneficial because it serves several key purposes in the research process. First, it helps to evaluate whether the initial idea is overly vague. By mapping out where the idea fits within a broader field of study, the researcher can determine whether their initial research question is too broad or lacks specificity. Second, the approach assists in identifying relevant research objectives. By considering the aspects related to the chosen field, the researcher can focus on specific goals for empirical investigation. Third, it aids in identifying relevant coursework or subject matter that will inform the literature review and shape the argument. Finally, this method offers practical benefits such as suggesting potential supervisors and directing the researcher toward relevant reading material. In this sense, the area-field-aspect framework is more than just a classification tool; it is a guiding structure for turning a vague research idea into a well-defined topic with clear objectives and an identifiable place in academic discourse. Area, Field, and Aspect: Defining the FrameworkTo understand how this approach works, it is essential to define the three key terms: area, field, and aspect. Area refers to a broad field of study, often corresponding to a recognised academic discipline. Examples of areas include disciplines such as economics, marketing, human resource management, and operations management. These areas provide the general context in which the research is situated, offering a wide-angle view of the academic domain that the researcher will draw upon. Field is a component element of the area. It can represent either a recognised sub-discipline or a major intellectual focus within the broader field. For instance, within economics (the area), fields might include macroeconomics, behavioural economics, or development economics. Similarly, within marketing, fields might include social marketing, international marketing, or consumer behaviour. Identifying the appropriate field helps narrow the focus of the research and connect it to a more specific body of literature. Aspect refers to a section or focus within a particular field. Aspects are the most specific part of the framework, representing the detailed focus of the research. For example, within the field of international marketing, aspects might include cross-cultural communication, digital marketing strategies in global markets, or consumer preferences in emerging economies. By identifying the aspect, the researcher specifies the particular focus of their investigation, which will shape their research objectives and methodology. Application of the Area-Field-Aspect ApproachTo see how this approach works in practice, consider the following example:Research Idea: The impact of social media on consumer behaviour. Area: Marketing Field: Social marketing Aspect: The influence of social media advertising on consumer purchasing decisions. In this example, marketing is the broad area in which the research is situated. Social marketing is a recognised field within marketing that deals with the use of marketing principles to influence social behaviours. The aspect, in this case, focuses on the specific influence of social media advertising on how consumers make purchasing decisions. By breaking down the topic in this way, the researcher can better specify their objectives, such as studying consumer psychology, analysing marketing metrics, or focusing on different social media platforms. Benefits of the Area-Field-Aspect ApproachThe area-field-aspect approach offers several advantages for the researcher. First, it facilitates the conceptual clarity necessary to turn an abstract idea into a concrete research question. By clearly defining the area, field, and aspect, the researcher can ensure that their topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. This clarity makes it easier to develop precise research objectives, design an appropriate methodology, and conduct a literature review that is relevant and comprehensive. Second, the approach helps in identifying relevant sources for the literature review. Once the researcher has defined the field and aspect, they can more easily locate relevant journal articles, books, and other sources that pertain to their topic. For example, a researcher studying digital marketing strategies in international markets would likely search for journal articles on global marketing, digital transformation in business, and cross-cultural consumer behaviour. Knowing the field and aspect helps to guide this search. Third, the area-field-aspect approach can be useful for selecting a supervisor and coursework. By identifying the specific field and aspect, the researcher can look for lecturers or faculty members with expertise in that area. Similarly, the researcher can choose taught courses that will provide the necessary theoretical background and methodological skills to support their research. The area-field-aspect approach provides a practical and systematic way to develop a research topic from an initial idea to a fully-formed research question. By categorising the research into these three levels, researchers can ensure that their work is well-structured, relevant, and focused. This approach not only clarifies the scope of the research but also informs decisions about research objectives, literature reviews, and potential supervisors. By using the area-field-aspect method, researchers can more effectively position their work within the broader academic landscape, ensuring that their contributions are both meaningful and well-supported. Reference Jankowicz, A. D. (1991) Business Research Projects. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London. Bibliography Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019) Research Methods for Business Students. 8th ed. Pearson Education, Harlow. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015) Business Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016) Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P., & Jaspersen, L. J. (2018) Management & Business Research. 6th ed. Sage Publications, London. Baker, M. J. (2013) Marketing … Read more

Refining Research Ideas: Ways of Honing Research Topics

by

Research is a foundational aspect of academia and professional inquiry, requiring rigorous refinement to ensure clarity, relevance, and feasibility. Developing a research idea is rarely a linear process. Instead, it involves iteration, reflection, and adaptation to align with scholarly debates, organisational needs, and practical considerations. According to Bryman (2016), effective research requires both originality and focus, meaning that researchers must carefully refine their initial ideas into researchable topics that can withstand academic scrutiny. This article explores key strategies for refining research ideas, including the Delphi Technique, conducting preliminary studies, continually testing out ideas, integrating concepts, and refining organisationally-driven topics. These methods ensure that research questions are not only feasible but also capable of contributing significantly to their respective fields. 1.0 The Delphi Technique The Delphi Technique is a structured communication method developed in the 1950s as a systematic, interactive forecasting tool that relies on a panel of experts (Linstone & Turoff, 1975). The approach is highly valued in research refinement as it allows for iterative consultation with experts, ensuring that ideas are continuously improved. Anonymity is a central feature, preventing the dominance of strong personalities and enabling the free expression of views. According to Okoli and Pawlowski (2004), the Delphi Technique enables the convergence of opinion on complex issues, making it particularly useful when topics are contested or underexplored. Recent applications extend beyond forecasting to refining research questions, particularly in areas like healthcare, education, and information systems (Skulmoski, Hartman & Krahn, 2007). For example, Furtado et al. (2024) employed the Delphi method to clarify nursing competences, demonstrating its utility in refining ambiguous research domains. Similarly, Witter et al. (2016) applied the method to health systems research in fragile states, highlighting its role in agenda-setting and topic refinement. These cases illustrate that the Delphi Technique is not merely about consensus but also about sharpening the scope of inquiry. 2.0 Conducting a Preliminary Study A preliminary study, often called a pilot study, provides an opportunity to test research instruments and refine research questions before the full-scale study. Van Teijlingen and Hundley (2001) stress that pilot studies help identify potential design flaws, measurement issues, and practical challenges. For example, they can reveal that a survey question is ambiguous or that a sampling strategy is unfeasible. Pilot studies also generate early data that can be used to adjust hypotheses and narrow down research topics. Skulmoski et al. (2007) note that pilot work often results in better alignment between theoretical frameworks and empirical design. Additionally, Romig et al. (2016) argue that conducting pilot Delphi rounds in allied health research allowed them to refine not just the method, but also the definitions and objectives of the study itself. Thus, preliminary research serves as both a testing ground and a refining mechanism, increasing the validity and reliability of the subsequent full study. 3.0 Continually Testing Out Ideas Research ideas evolve as scholars engage with literature, data, and peer feedback. Creswell and Creswell (2018) emphasise that the iterative nature of research ensures that weak ideas are eliminated and strong ones are refined. One practical way to test ideas is through conference presentations, seminars, or even informal discussions with peers. For example, Aliu et al. (2025) highlight how iterative testing of employability skills models in built environment research improved the conceptual clarity of their framework. Similarly, Kasiri, Sharda and Hardgrave (2012) applied repeated Delphi rounds in information systems research to refine the balanced scorecard framework for RFID applications. Continual testing also benefits from supervisor feedback. According to Burnette et al. (2003), refining topics through iterative discussions with mentors enhances both academic rigour and practical relevance. This demonstrates that flexibility and openness to revision are critical qualities in the refinement process. 4.0 Integrating Ideas Research is often interdisciplinary, requiring the integration of diverse perspectives. Eisenhardt (1989) highlights that theory-building involves synthesising insights from different fields to produce innovative contributions. Integration can take place at several levels: Theoretical integration: combining frameworks from different disciplines. Methodological integration: employing mixed methods. Conceptual integration: merging insights from different stakeholders. For example, Manias-Muñoz, Jin and Reber (2019) used Delphi to align views among international crisis communication scholars, showing that integration fosters consensus in fragmented research areas. Similarly, McDonald, Bammer and Deane (2009) argue that dialogue-based integration methods help researchers refine research topics in complex interdisciplinary contexts. By integrating concepts, researchers move beyond narrow silos, ensuring that their topics capture the multi-dimensional nature of contemporary problems. 5.0 Refining Topics Given by Organisations Researchers in applied contexts are often presented with broad topics by organisations. Refining these into manageable research questions requires alignment with organisational needs and strategic goals. Bryman (2016) argues that refinement must balance academic rigour with practical impact. For example, in health policy research, Pinchover et al. (2024) showed how organisationally driven research agendas in child mental health were honed through Delphi to create actionable priorities. Likewise, Ellis (2021) emphasises that in the aviation industry, refining topics through iterative Delphi rounds ensured that research addressed both industry needs and academic contributions. The key is to narrow down broad mandates into focused questions while ensuring feasibility, resources availability, and organisational relevance. Refining research ideas is a dynamic and iterative process. Strategies such as the Delphi Technique, preliminary studies, continual testing, integration of ideas, and refining organisational topics collectively ensure that research is clear, focused, and capable of making a significant contribution. By engaging in these processes, researchers avoid the pitfalls of vagueness and overambition, producing research that is both academically robust and practically relevant. As the academic landscape becomes increasingly complex and interdisciplinary, honing research ideas will remain a critical skill for scholars across fields. References Aliu, J., Aghimien, D., Aigbavboa, C. & Oke, A. (2025) ‘An employability skills model for built environment graduates’, Education and Research, Taylor & Francis. Bryman, A. (2016) Social Research Methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burnette, D., Morrow-Howell, N. & Chen, L.M. (2003) ‘Setting priorities for gerontological social work research: A national Delphi study’, The Gerontologist, 43(6), pp. 828–838. Creswell, J.W. & Creswell, J.D. (2018) Research Design: … Read more

Definition, Categories and Types of Academic Research

by

Definition, Categories and Types of Academic Research 1.0 Definition of Academic Research Research is a systematic investigation aimed at generating knowledge, solving problems, and contributing to the understanding of a specific subject area (Creswell., 2014). It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer questions, test hypotheses, or validate theories. Research is fundamental to academic and scientific progress. According to Saunders et al. (2019), effective research is not only methodical but also replicable and rigorous, ensuring its credibility. Academic research is crucial in a variety of fields, ranging from the natural and social sciences to the humanities, business etc contributing to advancements in areas such as medicine, technology, education and management (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). As technology continues to evolve, research methodologies also advance, with the internet and digital tools providing new opportunities for data collection and dissemination (Bryman, 2016). 2.0 Categories of Academic Research 2.1 Pure and Applied Research Pure research, also known as basic or fundamental research, is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge without immediate practical application. Its primary aim is to enhance the understanding of underlying principles and theoretical concepts. According to Collis and Hussey (2014), pure research is essential for the development of new theories and models, and it often provides the foundation for applied research. Examples of pure research include theoretical physics, biology, and studies in abstract mathematics, where the goal is to advance knowledge in the field, often without a clear focus on its practical application. On the other hand, applied research is concerned with finding practical solutions to real-world problems. Applied research often builds on the theoretical frameworks developed through pure research, translating them into practical applications. It is commonly conducted in fields such as engineering, medicine, and business, where there is a need to solve specific problems or improve processes. For example, research on improving workplace productivity, developing new medical treatments, or enhancing environmental sustainability would be considered applied research. According to Saunders et al. (2019), applied research is often more outcome-focused, with an emphasis on generating results that can be implemented in the short term. 2.2 Primary and Secondary Research Primary research involves the collection of original data through direct investigation, often referred to as empirical research. It seeks to gather new information from sources such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations. As Bryman (2016) highlights, empirical research is essential for answering specific research questions that have not been addressed in the existing literature. It allows researchers to collect data firsthand, ensuring that the information is directly relevant to the research objectives. In contrast, secondary research relies on existing data and information that has already been published. Also referred to as theoretical or conceptual research, secondary research involves analysing and synthesising information from academic papers, books, reports, or other sources. According to Creswell (2014), secondary research is useful for reviewing what is already known about a topic, identifying gaps in knowledge, and building theoretical frameworks. While it may not produce new data, it provides a critical foundation for further empirical research by helping to contextualise findings and relate them to existing theories. Note: Primary research is also known as empirical research and secondary research is also known as theoretical or conceptual research. 3.0 Types of Academic Research 3.1 In-Organisation/ Company-Focused Projects Organisation-focused research projects involve investigations conducted within a specific organisation or company. The research is often designed to address issues or challenges faced by the organisation, such as improving operational efficiency, understanding customer behaviour, or exploring new market opportunities. This type of research is particularly common in business, management, and industrial contexts, where the findings are directly applicable to the organisation’s goals. Saunders et al. (2019) note that these projects are typically applied research and can be both quantitative and qualitative, depending on the nature of the problem being investigated. For example, an organisation-focused project might involve conducting employee surveys to understand job satisfaction levels or analysing financial data to improve cost-efficiency. 3.2 Generic, Industry/ Sector-Based Projects Industry-based research projects are broader in scope than organisation-focused research, as they aim to address issues relevant to an entire industry or sector. This type of research often focuses on trends, innovations, and challenges within a particular industry, such as healthcare, technology, or manufacturing. Industry-based projects might involve analysing market trends, studying consumer behaviour, or evaluating the impact of new technologies on the sector. These projects are highly valuable for stakeholders within the industry, as they provide insights that can inform strategic decisions, policy development, and competitive positioning. Bryman and Bell (2015) suggest that industry-based research projects often involve collaboration between academic researchers and industry professionals, ensuring that the research is both academically rigorous and practically relevant. 4.0 Library Projects Library research projects primarily involve secondary research and focus on gathering, synthesising, and analysing existing information rather than generating new data. These projects typically involve extensive literature reviews and the use of secondary data sources such as academic journals, books, reports, and online databases. Library research is common in fields such as history, philosophy, and theoretical studies, where the primary objective is to build a comprehensive understanding of a particular topic based on existing knowledge. Library research projects are critical for developing theoretical frameworks, supporting hypotheses, and identifying gaps in the literature. According to Creswell (2014), these projects play an essential role in shaping the direction of future empirical research by laying the groundwork for hypothesis testing and theory development. Research plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge across different fields, and it can be categorised based on its purpose and methodology. Pure and applied research represent two ends of the spectrum, from theory development to practical problem-solving. Primary and secondary research further distinguish between the collection of new data and the synthesis of existing information. Finally, organisation-focused, industry-based, and library projects provide specific contexts within which academic research is conducted. Each type of research contributes uniquely to the broader academic and practical landscape, and understanding their distinctions is essential for conducting effective research. References Bryman, … Read more

About Us
Legal & Compliance