Research methods form the backbone of academic inquiry, providing the framework within which researchers can explore, analyse, and contribute to knowledge within their respective fields. A well-structured dissertation, which is often the culminating project of an academic programme, hinges on the appropriate selection and application of research methods. This article provides an overview of key topics within the field of research methods, highlighting their importance in the context of dissertation writing.
1.0 Research Philosophies/ Paradigms
At the core of research methodology are research philosophies, which guide how research is conducted. A research philosophy is a set of beliefs and practices that guide researchers in their approach to scientific inquiry. The two most prominent philosophies are:
1.1 Positivism posits that reality is objective and can be measured through observable phenomena. It is often associated with quantitative research methodology, where data is collected and analysed statistically.
1.2 Interpretivism, on the other hand, views reality as subjective, shaped by individual experiences and social contexts. This paradigm is closely linked with qualitative research methodology, which focus on understanding phenomena through in-depth exploration and interpretation of participants’ perspectives (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2019).
Understanding the underlying paradigm is crucial as it influences the choice of research methods, the nature of data collected, and the interpretation of results.
2.0 Research Design
Research design refers to the overall strategy that a researcher uses to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way. It ensures that the research problem is addressed effectively. Common research designs include:
2.1 Explanatory research seeks to explain the relationships between variables, often using quantitative methodology to test hypotheses.
2.2 Exploratory research is used when the problem is not well understood. It seeks to explore and gather more information about the topic, often using qualitative
3.0 Research Approaches
Deductive and inductive approaches are fundamental strategies in research, each with distinct characteristics and applications.
3.1 The deductive approach begins with a general theory or hypothesis and tests it through empirical observation. This method is often associated with quantitative research and aims to confirm or refute hypotheses through systematic data collection and analysis (Bryman, 2016). It is a top-down approach where the researcher moves from theory to specific observations, often resulting in the verification or falsification of the initial theory (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).
3.2 The inductive approach starts with specific observations and seeks to develop broader generalisations or theories. It is typically associated with qualitative research, where patterns, themes, and relationships emerge from the data, leading to the formulation of new theories (Thomas, 2006). This bottom-up approach allows for a more flexible and exploratory investigation, often leading to the discovery of new insights (Charmaz, 2014).
4.0 Research Strategies/ Methods:
Research strategies vary significantly in approach and application depending on the research question and context. Common research methods include:
4.1 Surveys collect quantitative data from large populations through questionnaires, offering broad insights into trends and patterns (Bryman, 2016).
4.2 Grounded theory is a qualitative methodology that develops theories inductively from systematically gathered data (Charmaz, 2014).
- Case studies focus on in-depth analysis of a single case or small number of cases, offering detailed understanding but limited generalisability (Yin, 2018). Case studies can be used with grounded theory or Survey strategy.
5.0 Research Methodologies
The distinction between quantitative and qualitative research methodology is one of the most fundamental in the field of research methods.
5.1 Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. It is often used to test hypotheses, measure variables, and establish relationships between them. Techniques such as surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis are commonly employed in quantitative research (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
5.2 Qualitative research focuses on understanding the meaning and experiences behind the data. Tools such as interviews, focus groups, and ethnography are used to gather rich, exploratory data that provides insights into the complexities of social phenomena. Qualitative analysis often involves coding and thematic analysis, allowing researchers to identify patterns and themes within the data (Braun & Clarke, 2019).
The choice between quantitative and qualitative methodologies — or a combination of both in mixed methodology research—depends on the research question, the nature of the data, and the objectives of the study.
6.0 Data Collection Tools/ Techniques
The tools used for data collection are critical to the validity and reliability of the research. Common tools include:
6.1 Questionnaires: used for collecting quantitative data from a large number of respondents.
6.2 Interviews provide in-depth qualitative data from individuals, allowing for exploration of complex issues.
- Observation involves recording behaviours or events as they occur, either overtly or covertly. Observation can be used in collecting quantitative data or qualitative data.
The choice of data collection tools should align with the research objectives and the type of data required.
7.0 Sampling
Key types of sampling methods in research, categorised into probability and non-probability sampling techniques.
7.1 Probability sampling ensures that each member of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected, making it highly reliable for producing generalisable results. Simple random sampling is the most basic form, where individuals are chosen purely by chance (Bryman, 2016). Systematic sampling selects every nth individual from a list, while stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups and samples from each (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters and then randomly selecting clusters for study.
7.2 Non-probability sampling does not offer all individuals in the population an equal chance of selection, often used when probability sampling is impractical. Quota sampling ensures certain segments of the population are represented, while purposive sampling selects individuals based on specific characteristics (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). Snowball sampling is used for hard-to-reach populations, relying on referrals. Convenience sampling selects individuals who are easiest to reach.
Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, depending on the research context and objectives.
8.0 Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are paramount in research. Researchers must ensure the confidentiality, anonymity, and informed consent of participants. They must also avoid plagiarism, data fabrication, and other unethical practices. Ethical guidelines are often provided by institutions and professional bodies, ensuring that research is conducted responsibly and with integrity (Bell, Bryman & Harley, 2018).
References:
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018) Business Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford University Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019) “Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis”. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. 11(4), pp. 589-597.
Bryman, A. (2016) Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press.
Charmaz, K. (2014) Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed. Sage.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016) “Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling”. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics. 5(1), pp. 1-4.
Oliver, P. (2012) Succeeding with your Literature Review: A Handbook for Students. Open University Press.
Robson, C., & McCartan, K. (2016) Real World Research. 4th ed. Wiley.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019) Research Methods for Business Students. 8th ed. Pearson.
Thomas, D. R. (2006) “A General Inductive Approach for Analysing Qualitative Evaluation Data”. American Journal of Evaluation. 27(2), pp. 237-246.
Thompson, S. K. (2012) Sampling. Wiley.
Yin, R. K. (2018) Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sage.
